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G20 ÜLKELERİNDE SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARININ COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ DÖNEMİNDE SAĞLIK ÇIKTILARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 409 - 428, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi, sağlık sistemleri ve iş gücü verimliliğinin küresel sağlık sonuçları üzerindeki kritik önemini vurgulamıştır. Bu çalışma, G20 ülkelerinde pandeminin etkisi altında, hekim ve hemşire ile ebe sayısının sağlık sonuçları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmakta, Stokastik Sınır Analizi (SFA) ile birlikte En Küçük Kareler (LS) ve Maksimum Olabilirlik (ML) tahmin yöntemlerini kullanmaktadır. Araştırma, G-20 ülkelerinin 2020 yılında sağlık insan kaynaklarındaki varyasyonların, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, GSYİH'deki sağlık harcamalarının payı ve COVID-19 ile ilişkili ölüm oranları gibi anahtar sağlık göstergeleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. SFA uygulanarak, sağlık sistemlerindeki verimsizliğin eknik faktörlerden veya rastgele hata kaynaklı olduğunu belirlenmiştir. Bazı ülkelerin verilerinin analiz yılı olan 2020 yılı için elde edilmesinde sıkıntıların yaşanması ve yerinde en yakın yılların verilerin kullanılması çalışmanın sınırlılığı olarak görülmektedir. Ayrıca, G20 ülkeleriyle sınırlı bir örneklem kullanılması, sonuçların küresel ölçekte genellenebilirliğini kısmen sınırlayabilmektedir. Ampirik analiz, hekim, hemşire ve ebe sayısındaki artışın, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresinin iyileşmesi ve ölüm oranlarının azalması ile olumlu bir ilişki içerisinde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özel olarak, çalışma, bazı modellerde teknik verimsizliklerin sağlık sonuçlarını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini, diğerlerinde ise rastgele hataların öncelikli olarak etkili olduğunu bulmaktadır. Sonuçlar, daha yüksek sağlık iş gücü yoğunluğunun daha iyi sağlık sonuçları ile ilişkilendirildiğini göstererek, sağlık insan kaynaklarının küresel bir sağlık krizinin yönetilmesi ve etkilerinin azaltılmasında hayati bir rol oynadığını vurgulamaktadır.Bulgular, politika yapıcılar ve sağlık yöneticileri için değerli içgörüler sunmakta ve sağlık profesyonellerinin sayısının artırılmasının, sağlık sonuçlarının iyileştirilmesi ve gelecekteki kamu sağlığı acil durumlarına hazırlık açısından kritik bir faktör olabileceğini önermektedir. Bu çalışma, sağlık politikası konusundaki daha geniş tartışmalara katkıda bulunmakta ve küresel zorluklarla başa çıkma konusunda sağlık sistemlerinin güçlendirilmesi için önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Aboubacar, B., & Xu, D. Y. (2017). The impact of health expenditure on the economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7, 615–622. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2017.73046
  • Aigner, D., Knox-Lovell, C. A., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function methods. Journal of Econometrics, 6, 21–37.
  • Akbulut, F., & Çeçen, Z. (2025). Apec Ülkelerinin Sağlık Harcamalarının Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Malmquist İndex Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 119-133.
  • Akimova, A. (2014). Analysis of the BRIC countries technical efficiency patterns using stochastic frontier approach (Doctoral dissertation). http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2263
  • Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E. (2021). Politics, government health expenditure and infant mortality: Does political party orientation matter? International Journal of Social Economics, 48(12), 1810–1825.
  • Aras, İ. A. (2023). Gelir gruplarına göre COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık sistem performansı etkinliğinin ölçülmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 731-746.
  • Bedir, S. (2016). Healthcare expenditure and economic growth in developing countries. Advances in Economics and Business, 4, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2016.040202
  • Bhaskar, S. (2023). G20 policy for health systems: promoting holistic outcomes and addressing vulnerabilities in healthcare. T20 policy brief. Task Force 6 Accelerating SDGs: Exploring New Pathways to the 2030 Agenda, https://t20ind.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/T20_PB_TF-6_684_Health-Systems.pdf
  • Bhattacharyya, R., & Paul, A. (2023). Divergences of health expenditures and role of the government in response to COVID-19 pandemic in selected nations—An investigation. In R. Bhattacharyya, R. C. Das, & A. Ray (Eds.), COVID-19 pandemic and global inequality. (pp. 153-172). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4405-7_10
  • Coelli, T. J. (1996). A guide to Frontier Version 4.1: A computer program for stochastic frontier production and cost function estimation (CEPA Working Papers, 7/96).
  • Cooper, W. W., & Tone, K. (1997). Measures of inefficiency in data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier estimation. European Journal of Operational Research, 99, 72–88.
  • Ersezer, Ö. (2024). İnsani gelişmişlik endeksi ile sağlık çıktıları arasındakiilişki: G20 ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi 7(2), 93-103.
  • Ersezer, Ö., & Ülgen, G. (2024). The impact of health expenditures on health outcomes in G20 countries. Dicle Akademi Dergisi, 4(2), 251-267.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2024a). Publications data: Archive historical data testing volume COVID-19. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/archive-historical-data-testing-volume-covid-19
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2024b). Publications data: Download historical data 20 June - 2022 weekly number new reported COVID-19 cases. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-historical-data-20-june-2022-weekly-number-new-reported-covid-19-cases
  • Jakovljevic, M., Timofeyev, Y., Ranabhat, C., et al. (2020). Real GDP growth rates and healthcare spending—Comparison between the G7 and the EM7 countries. Global Health, 16, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00590-3
  • Kant, A., & Clark, H. (2023). The G20 must act now for the health and wellbeing of women, children, and adolescents around the world. BMJ, 382. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1897
  • Kaya, M. V., & Naldöken, Ü. (2023). Comparative examination and evaluation of health systems in G20 countries. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 25(1), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1053949
  • Kaya, M. V., & Naldöken, Ü. (2023). G20 ülkelerinin sağlık sistemleri açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 244-256.
  • Kennedy, P. (2000). Handbook of econometrics (M. Sarımeşeli, Trans.). Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Khan, A. (2017). Cost and optimization in government: An introduction to cost accounting, operations management, and quality control (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207674
  • Kimsey, L. G. (2009). How efficient are military hospitals? A comparison of technical efficiency using stochastic frontier analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky).
  • Kocadağlı, O., et al. (2022). Important factors affecting the transmission rate of COVID-19 in G20 and EU. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 40(1), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2022.00017
  • Korkmazer, F., Selamzade, F., & Bostan, S. (2020). A study to measure the perceptions of Azerbaijani healthcare workers towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 691-702. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43464
  • Kumar, K. N. R. (2020). Econometrics (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003079651
  • Kutlar, A. (2012). Introduction to econometrics (2nd ed.). Nobel.
  • Kutlar, A., & Salamov, F. (2018). Analysis of the Azerbaijani regional public hospitals by stochastic frontier methods. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 55–64.
  • Larionova, M. (2022). A brief history of the G20 institutional dynamics (2008–21). International Organisations Research Journal, 17(2), 250–274. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-11
  • Mac-Seing, M., Gidey, M., & Di Ruggiero, E. (2023). COVID-19-related global health governance and population health priorities for health equity in G20 countries: a scoping review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22(1), 232. doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-02045-8
  • Meeusen, W., & van den Broeck, J. (1977). Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. International Economic Review, 18(2), 435–444. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525757
  • Meng, T. (2021). Clusters in the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the G20 countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 628789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.628789
  • Mumba, P. N. (2020). An investigation of the determinants of public health expenditure in SADC (Doctoral dissertation, University of Namibia).
  • Nair, P. (2023). Healthcare Systems Moving Toward Data Governance-Centered Model: India's G20 Presidency in the Wake of Covid. Pradeep Nair. Healthcare Systems Moving Toward Data Governance-Centered Model: India’s G20 Presidency in the Wake of COVID. Qeios. https://doi.org/10.32388/5DUZSE.
  • Nassar, H., Sakr, H., Ezzat, A., & Fikry, P. (2020). Technical efficiency of health-care systems in selected middle-income countries: An empirical investigation. Review of Economics and Political Science, 5(4), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-03-2020-0038
  • Ngami, A., & Ventelou, B. (2023). Respective healthcare system performances taking into account environmental quality: What are the re-rankings for OECD countries? Health Research Policy and Systems, 21, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-023-01005-6
  • Perezgonzalez, J. D. (2015). Fisher, Neyman-Pearson or NHST? A tutorial for teaching data testing. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00223
  • Pfanzagl, J., & Sheynin, O. (1996). Studies in the history of probability and statistics XLIV: A forerunner of the t-distribution. Biometrika, 83(4), 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/83.4.891
  • Selamzade, F. et al. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemicon society: A case of Azerbaijan. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 5(2) 278-87. https://doi.org/ 10.5336/healthsci.2020-75559
  • Selamzade, F., & Yeşilyurt, Ö. (2021). Evaluation of health indicators of OECD countries by stochastic frontier analysis. Journal of Productivity, 4, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.734328
  • Şener, M., & Yiğit, V. (2024). Sağlık sistemleri etkinliğinin iki aşamalı dinamik VZA yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 27(2), 329-361.
  • Taylan, O., Alkabaa, A. S., & Yılmaz, M. T. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on G20 countries: Analysis of economic recession using data mining approaches. Financial Innovation, 8, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-022-00385-y
  • Techi, A. et al. (2025) The impact of seaport cargo on economic development: panel data evidence from Türkiye, Ekonomska Misao i Praksa, https://dx.doi.org/10.17818/EMIP/2025/18
  • Türkoğlu, M. C., & Abiş, T. (2024). Sağlık göstergelerinin teknik etkinlik üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi: seçilmiş G-20 ülkeleri örneği. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 12(25), 190-211.
  • Welfens, P. J. J. (2020). Macroeconomic and health care aspects of the coronavirus epidemic: EU, US and global perspectives. International Economics and Economic Policy, 17, 295–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-020-00465-3
  • World Bank. (2020). Development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org
  • Worldometers. (2020). Coronavirus data. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • Yesilyurt, O., & Selamzade, F. (2020). Measuring CIS health systems using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Ekonomika Regiona, 16(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.17059/2020-1-5

THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 409 - 428, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of healthcare systems and workforce efficiency on global health outcomes. This study investigates the impact of the number of physicians and nurses and midwives on health outcomes in G20 countries during the pandemic, utilizing Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) in combination with Least Squares (LS) and Maximum Likelihood estimation (ML) methods. The study aims to evaluate the impact of variations in health human resources among G20 countries in 2020 on key health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, the share of health expenditures in GDP, and COVID‑19–related mortality rates. By applying Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), the study identifies whether inefficiencies in healthcare systems stem from technical factors or random errors. A limitation of the study is the difficulty in obtaining data for some countries for the analysis year 2020, which necessitated the use of data from the closest available years. Furthermore, restricting the sample to G20 countries may partially limit the generalizability of the findings on a global scale. Empirical analysis reveals that an increase in the number of physicians and nurses and midwives is positively associated with improvements in life expectancy and reductions in mortality rates. Specifically, the study finds that while technical inefficiencies significantly affect health outcomes in some models, random errors predominantly influence others. The results indicate that a higher healthcare workforce density correlates with better health outcomes, underscoring the essential role of healthcare human resources in managing and mitigating the impacts of a global health crisis. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare administrators, suggesting that enhancing the number of healthcare professionals could be a critical factor in improving health outcomes and preparing for future public health emergencies. This study contributes to the broader discourse on health policy and offers recommendations for strengthening healthcare systems in the face of global challenges.

References

  • Aboubacar, B., & Xu, D. Y. (2017). The impact of health expenditure on the economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7, 615–622. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2017.73046
  • Aigner, D., Knox-Lovell, C. A., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function methods. Journal of Econometrics, 6, 21–37.
  • Akbulut, F., & Çeçen, Z. (2025). Apec Ülkelerinin Sağlık Harcamalarının Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Malmquist İndex Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 119-133.
  • Akimova, A. (2014). Analysis of the BRIC countries technical efficiency patterns using stochastic frontier approach (Doctoral dissertation). http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2263
  • Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E. (2021). Politics, government health expenditure and infant mortality: Does political party orientation matter? International Journal of Social Economics, 48(12), 1810–1825.
  • Aras, İ. A. (2023). Gelir gruplarına göre COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık sistem performansı etkinliğinin ölçülmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 731-746.
  • Bedir, S. (2016). Healthcare expenditure and economic growth in developing countries. Advances in Economics and Business, 4, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2016.040202
  • Bhaskar, S. (2023). G20 policy for health systems: promoting holistic outcomes and addressing vulnerabilities in healthcare. T20 policy brief. Task Force 6 Accelerating SDGs: Exploring New Pathways to the 2030 Agenda, https://t20ind.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/T20_PB_TF-6_684_Health-Systems.pdf
  • Bhattacharyya, R., & Paul, A. (2023). Divergences of health expenditures and role of the government in response to COVID-19 pandemic in selected nations—An investigation. In R. Bhattacharyya, R. C. Das, & A. Ray (Eds.), COVID-19 pandemic and global inequality. (pp. 153-172). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4405-7_10
  • Coelli, T. J. (1996). A guide to Frontier Version 4.1: A computer program for stochastic frontier production and cost function estimation (CEPA Working Papers, 7/96).
  • Cooper, W. W., & Tone, K. (1997). Measures of inefficiency in data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier estimation. European Journal of Operational Research, 99, 72–88.
  • Ersezer, Ö. (2024). İnsani gelişmişlik endeksi ile sağlık çıktıları arasındakiilişki: G20 ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi 7(2), 93-103.
  • Ersezer, Ö., & Ülgen, G. (2024). The impact of health expenditures on health outcomes in G20 countries. Dicle Akademi Dergisi, 4(2), 251-267.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2024a). Publications data: Archive historical data testing volume COVID-19. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/archive-historical-data-testing-volume-covid-19
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2024b). Publications data: Download historical data 20 June - 2022 weekly number new reported COVID-19 cases. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-historical-data-20-june-2022-weekly-number-new-reported-covid-19-cases
  • Jakovljevic, M., Timofeyev, Y., Ranabhat, C., et al. (2020). Real GDP growth rates and healthcare spending—Comparison between the G7 and the EM7 countries. Global Health, 16, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00590-3
  • Kant, A., & Clark, H. (2023). The G20 must act now for the health and wellbeing of women, children, and adolescents around the world. BMJ, 382. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1897
  • Kaya, M. V., & Naldöken, Ü. (2023). Comparative examination and evaluation of health systems in G20 countries. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 25(1), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1053949
  • Kaya, M. V., & Naldöken, Ü. (2023). G20 ülkelerinin sağlık sistemleri açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 244-256.
  • Kennedy, P. (2000). Handbook of econometrics (M. Sarımeşeli, Trans.). Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Khan, A. (2017). Cost and optimization in government: An introduction to cost accounting, operations management, and quality control (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207674
  • Kimsey, L. G. (2009). How efficient are military hospitals? A comparison of technical efficiency using stochastic frontier analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky).
  • Kocadağlı, O., et al. (2022). Important factors affecting the transmission rate of COVID-19 in G20 and EU. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 40(1), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2022.00017
  • Korkmazer, F., Selamzade, F., & Bostan, S. (2020). A study to measure the perceptions of Azerbaijani healthcare workers towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 691-702. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43464
  • Kumar, K. N. R. (2020). Econometrics (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003079651
  • Kutlar, A. (2012). Introduction to econometrics (2nd ed.). Nobel.
  • Kutlar, A., & Salamov, F. (2018). Analysis of the Azerbaijani regional public hospitals by stochastic frontier methods. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 55–64.
  • Larionova, M. (2022). A brief history of the G20 institutional dynamics (2008–21). International Organisations Research Journal, 17(2), 250–274. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-11
  • Mac-Seing, M., Gidey, M., & Di Ruggiero, E. (2023). COVID-19-related global health governance and population health priorities for health equity in G20 countries: a scoping review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22(1), 232. doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-02045-8
  • Meeusen, W., & van den Broeck, J. (1977). Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. International Economic Review, 18(2), 435–444. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525757
  • Meng, T. (2021). Clusters in the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the G20 countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 628789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.628789
  • Mumba, P. N. (2020). An investigation of the determinants of public health expenditure in SADC (Doctoral dissertation, University of Namibia).
  • Nair, P. (2023). Healthcare Systems Moving Toward Data Governance-Centered Model: India's G20 Presidency in the Wake of Covid. Pradeep Nair. Healthcare Systems Moving Toward Data Governance-Centered Model: India’s G20 Presidency in the Wake of COVID. Qeios. https://doi.org/10.32388/5DUZSE.
  • Nassar, H., Sakr, H., Ezzat, A., & Fikry, P. (2020). Technical efficiency of health-care systems in selected middle-income countries: An empirical investigation. Review of Economics and Political Science, 5(4), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-03-2020-0038
  • Ngami, A., & Ventelou, B. (2023). Respective healthcare system performances taking into account environmental quality: What are the re-rankings for OECD countries? Health Research Policy and Systems, 21, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-023-01005-6
  • Perezgonzalez, J. D. (2015). Fisher, Neyman-Pearson or NHST? A tutorial for teaching data testing. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00223
  • Pfanzagl, J., & Sheynin, O. (1996). Studies in the history of probability and statistics XLIV: A forerunner of the t-distribution. Biometrika, 83(4), 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/83.4.891
  • Selamzade, F. et al. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemicon society: A case of Azerbaijan. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 5(2) 278-87. https://doi.org/ 10.5336/healthsci.2020-75559
  • Selamzade, F., & Yeşilyurt, Ö. (2021). Evaluation of health indicators of OECD countries by stochastic frontier analysis. Journal of Productivity, 4, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.734328
  • Şener, M., & Yiğit, V. (2024). Sağlık sistemleri etkinliğinin iki aşamalı dinamik VZA yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 27(2), 329-361.
  • Taylan, O., Alkabaa, A. S., & Yılmaz, M. T. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on G20 countries: Analysis of economic recession using data mining approaches. Financial Innovation, 8, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-022-00385-y
  • Techi, A. et al. (2025) The impact of seaport cargo on economic development: panel data evidence from Türkiye, Ekonomska Misao i Praksa, https://dx.doi.org/10.17818/EMIP/2025/18
  • Türkoğlu, M. C., & Abiş, T. (2024). Sağlık göstergelerinin teknik etkinlik üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi: seçilmiş G-20 ülkeleri örneği. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 12(25), 190-211.
  • Welfens, P. J. J. (2020). Macroeconomic and health care aspects of the coronavirus epidemic: EU, US and global perspectives. International Economics and Economic Policy, 17, 295–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-020-00465-3
  • World Bank. (2020). Development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org
  • Worldometers. (2020). Coronavirus data. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • Yesilyurt, O., & Selamzade, F. (2020). Measuring CIS health systems using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Ekonomika Regiona, 16(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.17059/2020-1-5
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Systems
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fuad Selamzade 0000-0002-2436-8948

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date October 2, 2024
Acceptance Date September 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Selamzade, F. (2025). THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 28(3), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883
AMA Selamzade F. THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi. September 2025;28(3):409-428. doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883
Chicago Selamzade, Fuad. “THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 28, no. 3 (September 2025): 409-28. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883.
EndNote Selamzade F (September 1, 2025) THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 28 3 409–428.
IEEE F. Selamzade, “THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES”, Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 409–428, 2025, doi: 10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883.
ISNAD Selamzade, Fuad. “THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 28/3 (September2025), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883.
JAMA Selamzade F. THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi. 2025;28:409–428.
MLA Selamzade, Fuad. “THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 3, 2025, pp. 409-28, doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1559883.
Vancouver Selamzade F. THE IMPACT OF HEALTH WORKERS ON HEALTH OUTCOMES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN G20 COUNTRIES. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi. 2025;28(3):409-28.