Effects of post-flowering drought on nitrogen mobilization and growth of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using stable 15N isotope

Year 2022, , 458 - 469, 26.12.2022

Ali Erkul , Ali Yiğit , Yakup Onur Koca , Osman Erekul

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1152932

Abstract

Water and nitrogen shortage are one of the main limiting factors of crop productivity such as wheat and cereals. Increased variation and changes in climate conditions are expected to dominate yield potential of wheat. Nitrogen isotope technique widely used in recent years provides useful information about mobilization and nitrogen use efficiency under environmental constraints. This study aimed to determine the effects of drought conditions applied during different growing periods on nitrogen uptake by using stable 15N isotope, yield and quality properties and stomatal conductivity of bread wheat. Environmental variation was obtained by designing 4 artificial practices (irrigated condition, rainfed condition, early drought (flowering-harvest) and late drought (grain filling-harvest) by rainout shelter with covering progress about drought in different growing periods. Number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, single spike yield, spike numbers per square meter, plant height, grain yield, biomass yield, stomatal conductance, protein, ash content and stem δ15N (‰), flag leaf δ15N (‰), grain δ15N (‰) values were determined. The drought period from the beginning of flowering till harvest of plants had adverse impact on grain yield and yield components. The results clearly indicated the practices that may cause drought stress in the generative period should be avoided. In addition, nitrogen use efficiency of bread wheat was disrupted with the decrease in the amount and efficiency of plant water use during drought periods. The results also revealed that contribution of nitrogen to crop yield decreased due to less consumption of nitrogen in plant metabolic activities during drought periods. Based on the results additional water supply decreased δ15N content in mature grains from 13420 ‰ to 9278 ‰. Nitrogen applied in stem elongation period had greater contribution to grain δ15N content (15269 ‰) compared to tillering growth stage (8975 ‰). Nitrogenous fertilizer application time suggested not to be delayed to improve nitrogen contribution in metabolic activities and to prevent postponing the tillering and stem elongation periods. The application of nitrogen improved mobilization and efficiency of nitrogen contribution to different plant parts during generative development stages of bread wheat.

Keywords

Triticum aestivum L., drought, nitrogen isotope 15N, yield, quality

Supporting Institution

This research was supported through Project No: SUMYO-16003 by Aydın Adnan Menderes University.

Project Number

SUMYO-16003

Ekmeklik buğdayda (Triticum aestivum L.) 15N izotopu kullanılarak çiçeklenme sonrası kuraklığın azot mobilizasyonu ve gelişimine etkileri

Abstract

Su ve azot eksikliği buğday ve diğer tahıllar gibi bitkilerin ürün verimliliğini etkileyen ana faktörlerden birisidir. İklim koşullarındaki artan değişiklikler nedeniyle buğday bitkisinin verim potansiyelinin açığa çıkması engellenmektedir. Son yıllarda kullanımı artan azot izotop tekniği sayesinde olumsuz çevre koşulları altında azot taşınımı ve azot kullanım verimliliği hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ekmeklik buğdayda 15N izotopu kullanılarak farklı gelişme dönemlerinde uygulanan kuraklık koşullarının azot taşınımı, verim ve kalite özellikleri ile stoma iletkenliği üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Farklı gelişme dönemlerinde (sulu ve kuru koşul, erken kuraklık (çiçeklenme-hasat) ve geç kuraklık (tane dolum dönemi-hasat)) yağmur korunağı kullanılarak uygulanan yapay kuraklık koşulları ile çevresel varyasyon elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada; başakta tane sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı, tek başak verimi, metrekarede başak sayısı, bitki boyu, tane verimi, biyomas verimi, stoma iletkenliği, tane protein ve kül oranı, sap δ15N (‰), bayrak yaprak δ15N (‰) ve tane δ15N (‰) içerikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; verim ve verim öğeleri generatif dönem boyunca uygulanan kuraklık uygulamalarından olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir ve bu nedenle ekmeklik buğday üretiminde generatif dönem kuraklık stresine neden olabilecek uygulamalardan kaçınılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca azot kullanım etkinliğinin bitki su kullanımının kısıtlanması ile azaldığı ve kuraklık dönemi boyunca su kullanım etkinliğinin azaldığı anlaşılmıştır. Tüm bunlara ek olarak kuraklık dönemi boyunca bitki metabolik aktivitelerinin azalması sonucu azot tüketiminin kısıtlanmasına bağlı olarak azotun verim potansiyeline katkısının azaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sulu koşulda tane δ15N içeriğinin sulama ile kuru koşula göre 13420 ‰ değerinden 9278 ‰ değerine azaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca sapa kalkma döneminde uygulanan azotun tane δ15N değerinin (15269 ‰) kardeşlenme döneminde uygulanan δ15N içeriğine (8975 ‰) oranla daha yüksek azot içeriğine ulaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Azotun metabolik faaliyetlere etkin bir şekilde katılması için kardeşlenme ve sapa kalkma dönemlerinde azotlu gübrelemenin uygun zamanda uygulanması ve özellikle sapa kalkma döneminde uygulanan azotun generatif dönem boyunca buğday bitkisinin farklı kısımlarında daha etkin azot taşınımına ve azot kullanımına neden olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Triticum aestivum L., kuraklık, azot izotopu 15N, verim, kalite

Project Number

SUMYO-16003

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