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Determination of phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of Turkish and Ceylon black teas

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 673 - 689, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1481635

Abstract

In this study, 5 Ceylon and 5 Turkish commercial black teas (Camellia sinensis) were obtained from supermarkets in Diyarbakır province. Black teas were analyzed both dry and by brewing for different times (5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min). Dry black teas were extracted in ethanol for antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS), while total phenolic and flavonoid content, phenolic acids (quinic acid, gallic acid, salicic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-OH-benzoic acid), catechins (catechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate), hesperidin, alkaloids (theophylline, caffeine and theobromine) were extracted in methanol. In addition, the above-mentioned analyses and theaflavin (TF) and thearubigin (TR) analyses were performed on black teas brewed for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid content, theaflavin (TF) and thearubigin (TR) contents were determined by spectrophotometric method, while phenolic acids, catechins, hesperidin and alkaloids were analyzed by LC/MS-MS device. As a result of the analysis, the antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid substance amounts, phenolic acids, catechins, hesperidin and alkaloid amounts of Ceylon black tea extracts were determined to be higher compared to Turkish black tea samples. When the results of the analyses performed on the infusions of both Ceylon and Turkish black teas brewed for different durations are examined, it is observed that antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH), total flavonoid and phenolic substance amounts increase in direct proportion to the duration. The highest TF and TR levels were determined in the infusions at the end of 60 minutes of brewing. The highest values of phenolic acids, catechins, hesperidin and alkaloids (theophylline, caffeine and theobromine) that pass into the tea vary according to the tea type and brewing times. While the amounts of local Turkish teas were determined to be higher in some brewing times, the amounts of imported Ceylon teas were determined to be higher in some brewing times.

References

  • Almajano, M.P., Carbo, R., Jimenez, J.A.L., & Gordon, M.H. Almajano, M.P., Carbo, R., Jimenez, J.A.L., & Gordon, M.H. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusions. Food Chemistry, 108, 55-63.
  • Çaykur (2016). Çay sektörü raporu. Erişim. Çaykur Çay İşletmeleri Genel Müdürülüğü. Erişim http://www.caykur.gov.tr/ Pages/Yayinlar/YayinDetay.aspx?ItemType=5&ItemId=221
  • Arslan, N., & Toğrul, H. (1995). Türk çaylarında kalite parametreleri ve mineral maddelerin farklı demleme koşullarında deme geçen miktarları. Gıda Dergisi, 20 (3), 179 -185.
  • Atasoy, A.D., Yeşilnacar, M.İ., Yıldırım, A., & Atasoy, A.F.(2019). Nutritional minerals and heavy metals in tea infusions and daily intake of human body. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology,7(2), 234-239, 2019.
  • Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181, 1199-1200.
  • Bonnely, S., Davis, A.L., Lewis, J.R., & Astill, C. (2003). A model oxidation system to study oxidised phenolic compounds present in black tea. Food Chemistry, 83, 485-492.
  • Bravo, L., Goya, L., & Lecumberri, E. (2007). LC/MS characterization of phenolic constituents of mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hil.) and its antioxidant activity compared to commonly consumed beverages. Food Research International, 40, 393-405.
  • Caffin, N., D’Arcy, B., Yao, L., & Rintoul, G. (2004). Developing an İndex of Quality for Australian Tea. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
  • Camargo, L.E.A., Pedrosoa,L.S., Vendrameb, S.C., Mainardesb, R.M., & Khalilb, N.M. (2016). Antioxidant and antifungal activities of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaves obtained by different forms of production. Braz. J. Biol., 76 (2), 428-434.
  • Carloni, P., Tiano, L., Paddela, L., Baccheti, T., Customo, C., Kay, A., & Damiana, E. (2013). Antioxidant activity of white, green and black tea obtained from the same cultivar. Food Research International, 53, 900-908.
  • Chang, M.Y., Linn, Y.Y., Chang, Y.C., Huang, W.Y., Lin, W.S., Chen, C.Y., Huang, S.L., & Lin,Y.S. (2020). Effects of infusion and storage on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of black tea. Appl. Sci., 10, 2685.
  • Chen, C., W., & Ho, C.T. (1995). Antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from green tea and black teas. Journal of Food Lipids, 2, 35-46.
  • Daşdemir, Y. (2019).Farklı kurutma yöntemleri ile kurutulmuş maviyemiş meyvesinin farklı oranlarda ilavesi ile üretilen siyah çayların antioksidan kapasitesi ve fenolik profilinin tespiti (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Nevşehir.
  • Davies, A.G. (1983). Theaflavins objective indicators of quality. Tea Research Foundation of Central Africa, 70, 15-16.
  • Del Rio, D., Stewart, A. J., Mullen, W., Burns, J., Lean, M. E. J., Brighenti, F., & Crozier, A. (2004). HPLC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 2807-2815.
  • Hajiaghaalipour,F., Sanusi,J., & Kanthimathi,M.S., (2016). Temperature and time of steeping affect the antioxidant properties of white, green, and black tea infusions. Journal of Food Science, 81 (1).
  • Kaçar, B. (2010). Çay Bitkisi, Biyokimyası, Gübrelenmesi, İşleme Teknolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kan, N. (1980). The aroma constituents of various teas. Food Industry, 12, 19–22.
  • Karaküçük, Ü. (2018). Farklı içme sularının siyah çayın dem kalitesi üzerine etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
  • Karori, S. M., Wachira, F.N., Wanyoko, J. K. & Ngure, & R.M. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (19), 2287-2296.
  • Kelebek, H. (2016). LC-DAD -ESI-MS/MS characterization of phenolic contituents in Turkish black tea: Effect of infusion time and temperature. Food Chemistry, 204, 227- 238
  • Khanchi, A.R., Mahani, M.K., Hajihosseini, M., Maragheh, M.G., Chaloosi, M., & Bani, F. (2007). Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of caffeine and theobromine in Iranian tea by artificial neural Networks and its comparison with PLS. Food Chemistry, 103, 1062-1068.
  • Khokhar, S., & Magnusdottir, S.G.M. (2002). Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 565-570.
  • Konyalioǧlu, S., & Karamenderes, C. (2004). Screening of total flavonoid, phenol contents and antioxidant capacities of some Achillea L. species growing in Turkey. Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica, 46 (3), 163-170.
  • Liang, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, L., Wu, S., & Wu, Y. (2003). Estimation of black tea quality by analysis of chemical composition and colour difference of tea infusions. Food Chemistry, 80, 283-290.
  • Mammadov, R. (2014). Tohumlu Bitkilerde Sekonder Metabolitler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Danışmanlık.
  • Manzocco, L., Anese, M., & Nicoli, M.C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. Lebennsmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 31, 694-698.
  • Ötleş, S., & Akçiçek, E. (2010). Beslenme ve Sağlık. Palme Yayınevi.
  • Özdemir, F., Şahin, H., Akdoğan, A., Dinçer, C., & Topuz, A. (2008). Türk siyah çayının fenolik madde kompozisyonu üzerine rakım, sürgün dönemi ve çay sınıfının etkisi. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi, (ss 141-144), Erzurum, Türkiye.
  • Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Ikegalki, M., Contado, J.L. 1997. Comparision of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologiae Technologia, 40, 97-106.
  • Peterson, J., Dwyer, J., Jacques,P., Rand, W., Prior, R., & Chui, K.(2004). Tea variety and brewing techniques influence flavonoid content of black tea. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 397-405.
  • Poyrazoğlu, E.S., & Gürses, Ö.L. (2004). Çay deminin bileşimine etkili bazı faktörler üzerinde araştırma. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi, 17, 38-45.
  • Ramalho, S.A., Nigam, N., Oliveİra, G.B., Oliveİra, P.A., Silva, T.O.M., Santos, A.G.P., & Narain, N. (2013). Effect of infusion time on phenolic compounds and caffeine content in black tea. Food Research International 51, 155-161.
  • Rao, T.P., Lekh, R.J., & Takado, Y. (2006). Green tea catechins against oxidative stress of renal diseases. Protective Effects of Tea on Human Health.
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26, 1231-1237.
  • Sağlam, N., & Türkyılmaz, K. (2007). Ticari Olarak Piyasada Satılan Türk ve Yabancı Kökenli Çayların Bazı Fenolik Madde ve Kafein İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. Rize, Atatürk Çay ve Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
  • SAS Institute Inc. (2002). JMP user’s guide Statistics. version 5.0. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.
  • Sharma, V., Gulati, A., Ravindranath, S.D., & Kumar, V. (2005). A simple and convenient method for analysis of tea biochemicals by reverse phase HPLC. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18, 583-594.
  • Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299,152-178.
  • Su, X., Duan, J., Jiang. Y., Duan, X., & Chen, F. (2007). Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activities of oolong tea infusion under various steeping conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 8, 1196-1205.
  • Türkmen, N. (2007). Farklı sınıf çaylarda kıvırma proseslerinin ve değişik hasat dönemlerinin çayın fenolik madde ve alkaloid bileşimine etkisi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Wang, Y., & Ho, C.-T. (2009). Polyphenolic chemistry of tea and coffe; Acentury of progress. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 8109-8114.
  • Wang, J., Provan, G.J., & You, X. (2000). Isocratic elution system for the determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in gren tea using HPLC. Food Chem., 68,115-121.
  • Wicremasinghe, R. L. (1974). The mechanism of operation of climatic factors in the biogenesis of tea flavor. Phytochemistry, 13, 2057–2061.
  • Wu, C., Xu, H., Heritier, J., & Andlauer, W. (2012). Determination of catechins and flavonol glycosides in chinese tea varieties. Food Chemistry 132, 144-149.
  • Yao, L.H., Jiang, Y.M., Caffin, N., Arcy, B.D., Datta, N., Liu, X., Singanusong, R., & Xu,Y. (2006). Phenolic compounds in tea from Australian supermarkets. Food Chemistry 96, 614-620.
  • Zuo, Y., Chen, H., & Deng, Y. (2002). Simultaneous determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acids in green, oolong, black and pu-erh teas using HPLC with a photodiode array detector. Talanta, 57, 307-316

Türk ve Seylan siyah çaylarının fitokimyasal içeriklerinin ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 673 - 689, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1481635

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, yerli Türk çaylarından 5 adet ve ithal Seylan çaylarından 5 adet ticari siyah çay (Camellia sinensis) Diyarbakır ilindeki süpermarketlerden temin edilmiştir. Siyah çaylar hem kuru hem de farklı sürelerde (5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 dakika) demlenerek analiz edilmiştir. Kuru siyah çaylar, antioksidan aktiviteleri (DPPH ve ABTS) analizleri için etanolde ekstrakte edilirken, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarları, fenolik asitler (kuinik asit, gallik asit, salisik asit, klorojenik asit, 4-OH-benzoik asit), kateşinlerin (kateşin, epikateşin gallat, epigallo kateşin ve epigallokateşin gallat), hesperedin, alkaloidlerin (teofilin, kafein ve teobromin) analizleri için ise metanolde ekstrakte edilmiştir. Ayrıca 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 dakikalarda demlenen siyah çaylarda yukarıda bahsedilen analizler ile teaflavin (TF) ve tearubigin (TR) analizleri yapılmıştır. Antioksidan aktiviteleri, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarları, teaflavin (TF) ve tearubigin (TR) içerikleri spektrofotometrik yöntemle belirlenirken; fenolik asitler, kateşinler, hesperedin ve alkaloidlerin miktar tayinleri ise LC/MS-MS cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir.Yapılan analizler sonucunda, Seylan siyah çaylarının ekstrelerinin antioksidan aktiviteleri, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarları, fenolik asitleri, kateşinleri, hesperedin ve alkaloid miktarları Türk siyah çay örneklerine kıyasla daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir. Farklı sürelerde demlenmiş hem Seylan hem de Türk siyah çaylarının infüzyonlarında yapılan analizlerin sonuçlarına bakıldığında, antioksidan aktivitelerin (ABTS ve DPPH), toplam flavonoid ve fenolik madde miktarlarının süreyle doğru orantılı olarak arttığı görülmüştür. En yüksek TF ve TR miktarları 60 dakikalık demleme sonundaki infüzyonlarda belirlenmiştir. Fenolik asitler, kateşinler, hesperedin ve alkaloidlerin (teofilin, kafein ve teobromin) deme geçen en yüksek değerleri, çay çeşidine ve demleme sürelerine göre farlılık göstermektedir. Bazı demleme sürelerinde yerli Türk çaylarının miktarları yüksek belirlenirken, bazı demleme sürelerinde de ise ithal Seylan çaylarının miktarları daha yüksek belirlenmiştir.

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar arasında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır

Supporting Institution

Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (DUBAP)

Thanks

Desteğinden dolayı DUBAP’ a teşekkür ederim.

References

  • Almajano, M.P., Carbo, R., Jimenez, J.A.L., & Gordon, M.H. Almajano, M.P., Carbo, R., Jimenez, J.A.L., & Gordon, M.H. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusions. Food Chemistry, 108, 55-63.
  • Çaykur (2016). Çay sektörü raporu. Erişim. Çaykur Çay İşletmeleri Genel Müdürülüğü. Erişim http://www.caykur.gov.tr/ Pages/Yayinlar/YayinDetay.aspx?ItemType=5&ItemId=221
  • Arslan, N., & Toğrul, H. (1995). Türk çaylarında kalite parametreleri ve mineral maddelerin farklı demleme koşullarında deme geçen miktarları. Gıda Dergisi, 20 (3), 179 -185.
  • Atasoy, A.D., Yeşilnacar, M.İ., Yıldırım, A., & Atasoy, A.F.(2019). Nutritional minerals and heavy metals in tea infusions and daily intake of human body. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology,7(2), 234-239, 2019.
  • Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181, 1199-1200.
  • Bonnely, S., Davis, A.L., Lewis, J.R., & Astill, C. (2003). A model oxidation system to study oxidised phenolic compounds present in black tea. Food Chemistry, 83, 485-492.
  • Bravo, L., Goya, L., & Lecumberri, E. (2007). LC/MS characterization of phenolic constituents of mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hil.) and its antioxidant activity compared to commonly consumed beverages. Food Research International, 40, 393-405.
  • Caffin, N., D’Arcy, B., Yao, L., & Rintoul, G. (2004). Developing an İndex of Quality for Australian Tea. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
  • Camargo, L.E.A., Pedrosoa,L.S., Vendrameb, S.C., Mainardesb, R.M., & Khalilb, N.M. (2016). Antioxidant and antifungal activities of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaves obtained by different forms of production. Braz. J. Biol., 76 (2), 428-434.
  • Carloni, P., Tiano, L., Paddela, L., Baccheti, T., Customo, C., Kay, A., & Damiana, E. (2013). Antioxidant activity of white, green and black tea obtained from the same cultivar. Food Research International, 53, 900-908.
  • Chang, M.Y., Linn, Y.Y., Chang, Y.C., Huang, W.Y., Lin, W.S., Chen, C.Y., Huang, S.L., & Lin,Y.S. (2020). Effects of infusion and storage on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of black tea. Appl. Sci., 10, 2685.
  • Chen, C., W., & Ho, C.T. (1995). Antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from green tea and black teas. Journal of Food Lipids, 2, 35-46.
  • Daşdemir, Y. (2019).Farklı kurutma yöntemleri ile kurutulmuş maviyemiş meyvesinin farklı oranlarda ilavesi ile üretilen siyah çayların antioksidan kapasitesi ve fenolik profilinin tespiti (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Nevşehir.
  • Davies, A.G. (1983). Theaflavins objective indicators of quality. Tea Research Foundation of Central Africa, 70, 15-16.
  • Del Rio, D., Stewart, A. J., Mullen, W., Burns, J., Lean, M. E. J., Brighenti, F., & Crozier, A. (2004). HPLC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 2807-2815.
  • Hajiaghaalipour,F., Sanusi,J., & Kanthimathi,M.S., (2016). Temperature and time of steeping affect the antioxidant properties of white, green, and black tea infusions. Journal of Food Science, 81 (1).
  • Kaçar, B. (2010). Çay Bitkisi, Biyokimyası, Gübrelenmesi, İşleme Teknolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kan, N. (1980). The aroma constituents of various teas. Food Industry, 12, 19–22.
  • Karaküçük, Ü. (2018). Farklı içme sularının siyah çayın dem kalitesi üzerine etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya.
  • Karori, S. M., Wachira, F.N., Wanyoko, J. K. & Ngure, & R.M. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (19), 2287-2296.
  • Kelebek, H. (2016). LC-DAD -ESI-MS/MS characterization of phenolic contituents in Turkish black tea: Effect of infusion time and temperature. Food Chemistry, 204, 227- 238
  • Khanchi, A.R., Mahani, M.K., Hajihosseini, M., Maragheh, M.G., Chaloosi, M., & Bani, F. (2007). Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of caffeine and theobromine in Iranian tea by artificial neural Networks and its comparison with PLS. Food Chemistry, 103, 1062-1068.
  • Khokhar, S., & Magnusdottir, S.G.M. (2002). Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 565-570.
  • Konyalioǧlu, S., & Karamenderes, C. (2004). Screening of total flavonoid, phenol contents and antioxidant capacities of some Achillea L. species growing in Turkey. Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica, 46 (3), 163-170.
  • Liang, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, L., Wu, S., & Wu, Y. (2003). Estimation of black tea quality by analysis of chemical composition and colour difference of tea infusions. Food Chemistry, 80, 283-290.
  • Mammadov, R. (2014). Tohumlu Bitkilerde Sekonder Metabolitler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Danışmanlık.
  • Manzocco, L., Anese, M., & Nicoli, M.C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. Lebennsmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 31, 694-698.
  • Ötleş, S., & Akçiçek, E. (2010). Beslenme ve Sağlık. Palme Yayınevi.
  • Özdemir, F., Şahin, H., Akdoğan, A., Dinçer, C., & Topuz, A. (2008). Türk siyah çayının fenolik madde kompozisyonu üzerine rakım, sürgün dönemi ve çay sınıfının etkisi. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi, (ss 141-144), Erzurum, Türkiye.
  • Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Ikegalki, M., Contado, J.L. 1997. Comparision of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologiae Technologia, 40, 97-106.
  • Peterson, J., Dwyer, J., Jacques,P., Rand, W., Prior, R., & Chui, K.(2004). Tea variety and brewing techniques influence flavonoid content of black tea. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 397-405.
  • Poyrazoğlu, E.S., & Gürses, Ö.L. (2004). Çay deminin bileşimine etkili bazı faktörler üzerinde araştırma. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi, 17, 38-45.
  • Ramalho, S.A., Nigam, N., Oliveİra, G.B., Oliveİra, P.A., Silva, T.O.M., Santos, A.G.P., & Narain, N. (2013). Effect of infusion time on phenolic compounds and caffeine content in black tea. Food Research International 51, 155-161.
  • Rao, T.P., Lekh, R.J., & Takado, Y. (2006). Green tea catechins against oxidative stress of renal diseases. Protective Effects of Tea on Human Health.
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26, 1231-1237.
  • Sağlam, N., & Türkyılmaz, K. (2007). Ticari Olarak Piyasada Satılan Türk ve Yabancı Kökenli Çayların Bazı Fenolik Madde ve Kafein İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. Rize, Atatürk Çay ve Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
  • SAS Institute Inc. (2002). JMP user’s guide Statistics. version 5.0. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.
  • Sharma, V., Gulati, A., Ravindranath, S.D., & Kumar, V. (2005). A simple and convenient method for analysis of tea biochemicals by reverse phase HPLC. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18, 583-594.
  • Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299,152-178.
  • Su, X., Duan, J., Jiang. Y., Duan, X., & Chen, F. (2007). Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activities of oolong tea infusion under various steeping conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 8, 1196-1205.
  • Türkmen, N. (2007). Farklı sınıf çaylarda kıvırma proseslerinin ve değişik hasat dönemlerinin çayın fenolik madde ve alkaloid bileşimine etkisi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Wang, Y., & Ho, C.-T. (2009). Polyphenolic chemistry of tea and coffe; Acentury of progress. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 8109-8114.
  • Wang, J., Provan, G.J., & You, X. (2000). Isocratic elution system for the determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in gren tea using HPLC. Food Chem., 68,115-121.
  • Wicremasinghe, R. L. (1974). The mechanism of operation of climatic factors in the biogenesis of tea flavor. Phytochemistry, 13, 2057–2061.
  • Wu, C., Xu, H., Heritier, J., & Andlauer, W. (2012). Determination of catechins and flavonol glycosides in chinese tea varieties. Food Chemistry 132, 144-149.
  • Yao, L.H., Jiang, Y.M., Caffin, N., Arcy, B.D., Datta, N., Liu, X., Singanusong, R., & Xu,Y. (2006). Phenolic compounds in tea from Australian supermarkets. Food Chemistry 96, 614-620.
  • Zuo, Y., Chen, H., & Deng, Y. (2002). Simultaneous determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acids in green, oolong, black and pu-erh teas using HPLC with a photodiode array detector. Talanta, 57, 307-316
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Chemical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ahmet Efe 0000-0003-0967-9710

Hayrullah Yılmaz 0000-0002-5275-6606

Mehmet Boğa 0000-0003-4163-9962

Early Pub Date December 14, 2024
Publication Date December 15, 2024
Submission Date May 10, 2024
Acceptance Date September 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Efe, A., Yılmaz, H., & Boğa, M. (2024). Türk ve Seylan siyah çaylarının fitokimyasal içeriklerinin ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi. Harran Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(4), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1481635

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10749  Harran Journal of Agricultural and Food Science is licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 International License.