Çinko stresi altında biber (Capsicum annuum L.) genotiplerinin morfolojik tepkilerinin karakterizasyonu

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 477 - 486, 24.09.2025

Seher Toprak , Ömer Faruk Coşkun

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1700013

Abstract

Çinko (Zn) stresi, bitki büyümesini ve fizyolojisini olumsuz etkilemektedir; ancak, genotipik varyasyon tolerans düzeyini değiştirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, genetik olarak farklı 28 Capsicum annuum genotipi, hidroponik Zn stresi (5 mM ZnCl₂) ve kontrol koşulları altında değerlendirilmiştir. SPAD değerleri, yaprak sayısı, sürgün ve kök uzunluğu, gövde çapı, yaprak boyutları ve biyokütle (yaş/kuru ağırlık) gibi morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler ölçülmüştür. Genotipler P114, P82 ve P116, <%5 SPAD azalması ile minimum düşüş sergilerken; P41, P161 ve P159 >%30 azalma göstermiştir. P120, P45 ve P171, stres altında yaprak sayısını korurken, P164 ve P50 genotiplerinde kök uzaması %70’in üzerinde artış göstermiştir. Biyokütle korunumu en yüksek P31, P164 ve P161’de; en düşük ise P173 ve P49’da gözlenmiştir. Temel Koordinat Analizi (PCoA), P159, P164, P114 ve P46 genotiplerini Zn-tolerant (çinko toleranslı) olarak tanımlamıştır. Yaş ve kuru ağırlık arasında (r = 0.90), kök uzunluğu ile kuru ağırlık arasında (r =0.55) ve yaprak genişliği ile yaş ağırlık arasında (r = 0.46) güçlü korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, Zn toleransı ile ilişkili temel fizyolojik özellikleri ortaya koymakta ve stres dayanımlı biber çeşitlerinin ıslahı için değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Capsicum sp. , çinko stresi , genotip varyasyonu , PCoA , stres toleransı.

Characterization of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for zinc stress tolerance based on morphological traits

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) stress negatively affects plant growth and physiology; however, genotypic variation influences the degree of tolerance. In this study, 28 genetically distinct Capsicum annuum genotypes were evaluated under hydroponic Zn stress (5 mM ZnCl₂) and control conditions. Morphological and physiological traits, including SPAD values, leaf number, shoot and root length, stem diameter, leaf dimensions, and biomass (fresh/dry weight), were measured. Genotypes P114, P82, and P116 exhibited minimal SPAD reductions (<5%), whereas P41, P161, and P159 showed >30% declines. P120, P45, and P171 maintained leaf number under stress, while root elongation increased in P164 and P50 by over 70%. Biomass retention was highest in P31, P164, and P161, while lowest in P173 and P49. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) identified P159, P164, P114, and P46 as Zn-tolerant genotypes. Strong correlations were found between fresh and dry weight (r = 0.90), root length and dry weight (r = 0.55), and leaf width and fresh weight (r = 0.46). These findings reveal key physiological traits linked to Zn tolerance and provide valuable insights for breeding stress-resilient pepper cultivars.

Keywords

Capsicum sp. , zinc stress , genotype variation , PCoA , stress tolerance.

References

• Aydin, D. & Coskun, O.F. (2013). Comparison of edta-enhanced phytoextraction strategies with Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) on an artificially arsenic contaminated water. Pak. J. Bot., 45, 1423–1429.
• Azzarello, E., Pandolfi, C., Giordano, C., Rossi, M., Mugnai, S. &Mancuso, S. (2012). Ultramorphological and physiological modifications induced by high zinc levels in Paulownia tomentosa. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 81, 11–17.
• Başak, H., Aydin, A., Yetişir, H., Turan, M (2025). Salt stress effects on hybrid bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) rootstock candidates plant growth, hormones and nutrient content. Journal of Crop Health 77, 28.
• Bonnet, M., Camares, O. &Veisseire, P. (2000). Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo). Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(346), 945-953.
• Briffa, J., Sinagra, E. & Blundell, R. (2020). Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6 (9), e04691.
• Broadley, M. R., White, P. J., Hammond, J. P., Zelko, I. & Lux, A. (2007). Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, 173, 677–702.
• Caldelas, C., Araus, J. L., Febrero, A. & Bort, J. (2012). Accumulation and toxic effects of chromium and zinc in Iris pseudacorus L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34(3), 1217-1228.
• Coskun, O.F. (2025). Association mapping for drought tolerance in watermelons (Citrullus lanatus L.). Horticulturae, 11, 193.
• Coskun, O.F. & Gulsen, O. (2024). Determination of markers associated with important agronomic traits of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). JAST, 26(6):1359-1371.
• Coskun, O.F., Toprak, S. & Mavi, K. (2024). Some seed properties and molecular analysis with inter-primary binding site (iPBS) retrotransposons markers of edible-seeded watermelon genotypes. Genet Resour Crop Evol., 71:3151–3162.
• Escudero-Almanza, D.J., Ojeda-Barrios, D.L., Hernández-Rodríguez, O.A., Chávez, E.S., Ruíz-Anchondo, T. et al. (2012). Carbonic anhydrase and zinc in plant physiology. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72 (1):140-146.
• FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Data. FAO. (2023). Available online: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home (accessed on 1 January 2025).
• Farhazadi, H.N. & Arbabian, S. (2024). Changes of vascular tissue structure and pal gene expression in bell pepper var california wonder under zinc stress. Semiannual Scientific Journal of Technical and Vocational University. Winter & Spring, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 39-54.
• Glińska, S., Gapińska, M., Michlewska, S., Skiba, E. & Kubicki, J. (2016). Analysis of Triticum aestivum seedling response to the excess of zinc. Protoplasma, 253(2), 367-377.
• Hoagland, D.R. & Arnon, D.I. (1950). The water culture method for growing plants without Soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley. 32p.
• Jain, R., Srivastava, S., Solomon, S., Shrivastava, A. K. & Chandra, A. (2010). Impact of excess zinc on growth parameters, cell division, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative stress of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 32, 979–986.
• Kim, H., Seomun, S., Yoon, Y. & Jang, G. (2021). Jasmonic acid in plant abiotic stress tolerance and interaction with abscisic acid. Agronomy, 11, 1886.
• Kwon M.J., Boyanov M.I., Yang J.-S., Lee S., Hwang Y.H., Lee J.Y., Mishra B. & Kemner K.M. (2017). Transformation of zinc-concentrate in surface and subsurface environments: Implications for assessing zinc mobility/toxicity and choosing an optimal remediation strategy. Environ. Pollut., 226:346–355.
• Mangal, M., Agarwal, M. & Bhargava, D. (2013). Effect of cadmium and zinc on growth and biochemical parameters of selected vegetables. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2, 106–113.
• Moreira A., Moraes L.A. & dos Reis A.R. (2018). Plant Micronutrient Use Efficiency. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: The molecular genetics of zinc uptake and utilization efficiency in crop plants; pp. 87–108.
• Mukhopadhyay, M., Das, A., Subba, P., Bantawa, P., Sakrar, B. & Ghosh, P. (2013). Structural, physiological, and biochemical profiling of tea plants under zinc stress. Biologia Plantarum, 57, 474–480.
• Paredes Andrade, N.J., Monteros-Altamirano, A., Tapia Bastidas, C.G. & Sørensen, M. (2020). Morphological, sensorial and chemical characterization of chilli peppers (Capsicum spp.) from the CATIE Genebank. Agronomy, 10, 1732.
• Sagardoy, R., Morales, F., López-Milán, A. F., Abadia, A. & Abadia, J. (2009). Effect of zinc toxicity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown hydroponically. Plant Biology, 11, 339–350.
• Shu, X., Yin, L., Zhang, Q. & Wang, W. (2012). Effect of Pb toxicity on leaf growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthesis in cuttings and seedlings of Jatropha curcas L. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19(3), 893- 902.
• Ul-Hassan, Z., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Hussain, A., Akbar, Z., Rasool, N., et al., (2017). Role of zinc in alleviating heavy metal stress. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.