Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Bitkinin Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Yem Degeri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmada; Moringa oleifera bitkisinin farklı kısımlarının (yapraklar, saplar ve tüm bitkinin (yapraklar + saplar) kimyasal bileşimlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Bu amaçla Moringa oleifera 5 aylık yaştaki ilk çiçeklenme döneminden başlayarak 1 ay aralıklarla 3 kez hasat edilmiştir. Moringa oleifera 'nın farklı kısımlarında kuru madde, organik madde, kül, ham protein, ham yağ, ham selüloz, nitrojensiz öz maddeler, nişasta, şeker, nötr deterjan lifi, asit deterjan lifi, asit deterjan lignini, hemiselüloz, selüloz, nispi yem değeri, geviş getiren hayvanlar ve kümes hayvanları için in vitro metabolik enerji, ayrıca yaprakta antioksidan aktivite, fenolik madde ve toplam flavonoid analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Organik madde ve ham kül hariç yapraklarda, saplarda ve bütünde (yaprak + sap) tüm parametrelerde hasatlar arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, Moringa oleifera' nın besin maddeleri içeriği ve yem değeri dikkate alındığında alternatif bir kaba yem kaynağı olarak önerilebileceği kanısına varılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Moringa oleifera, besin maddeleri, yem değeri

Keywords

• Moringa oleifera
• kimyasal kompozisyon
• yem değeri

Chemical Characteristics and Feed Value of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Plant

Abstract

Objective: The experiment was conducted to determine chemical compositions of different parts of Moringa oleifera [leaves, stalks and whole (leaves + stalks). Material and Methods: For this purpose, Moringa oleifera was harvested 3 times with 1 month of intervals starting from the first flowering period at 5 months old. Dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, starch, sugar, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, relative feed value, in vitro metabolic energy for ruminant and poultry of different parts of Moringa oleifera , also antioxidant activity, phenolic substance and total flavonoid of leaves were analysed, Results: There were significant differences among harvests in all parameters in the leaves except for organic matter and ash, stalks and whole (leaves + stalks) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Consequently, it is concluded that Moringa oleifera can be recommended as an alternative source of forages considering nutrients content and feed value. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, nutrients, feed value

Keywords

• Moringa oleifera
• chemical composition
• feed value

References

1. Abbas TE. 2013. The use of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 37: 492-496.
2. Aderinola TA, Fagbemi TN, Enujiugha VN, Alashi AM, Aluko RE. 2018. Amino acid composition and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera seed protein isolate and enzymatic hydroly-sates. Heliyon, 4, 10 (Oct. 2018), e00877.
3. Afuang W, Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2003. Comparative nutritional evaluation of raw, methanol extracted residues and methanol extracts of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). Aquaculture Research, 34: 1147-59.
4. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists (15th ed.) Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA, Kenneth Helrich (Ed.)
5. Aregheore EM. 2002. Intake and digestibility of Moringa oleifera–batiki grass mixtures by growing goats. Small Ruminant Research, 46: 23-28.
6. Ayerza R. 2011. Seed yield components, oil content, and fatty acid composition of two cultivars of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) growing in the arid Chaco of Argentina. Industrial Crops and Products, 33: 389-394.
7. Ayssiwede SB, Zanmenou JC, Issa Y, Hane MB, Dieng A, Chrysostome CAAM, Houinato MR, Hornick JL, Missohou A. 2011. Nutrient composition of some unconventional and local feed resources available in Senegal and recoverable in indigenous chickens or animal feeding. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 10: 707-717.
8. Canbolat O, Kamalak A, Ozkan CO, Erol A, Sahin M, Karakas E, Ozkose E. 2006. Prediction of relative feed value of alfalfa hays harvested at different maturity stages using in vitro gas production. Livestock Research for Rural Development 18 (2) Article 27, http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/2/canb18027.html

9. Canbolat Ö, Karaman G. 2009. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some legume forages. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 15: 188-195. (In Turkish).
10. Coz-Bolanos X, Campos-Vega R, Reynoso-Camacho R, Ramos-Gómez M, Loarca-Piña GF, GuzmánMaldonado SH. 2018. Moringa infusion (Moringa oleifera) rich in phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity attenuate nitric oxide pro-inflammatory mediator in vitro. Industrial Crops and Products, 118, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.028.
11. Cattan Y, Patil D, Vaknin Y, Rytwo G, Lakemond C, Benjamin O. 2022. Characterization of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed protein extract functionality in emulsion model system. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 75, Article 102903 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102903.
12. Chodur GM, Olson ME, Wade KL, Stephenson KK, Garima W N, Fahey, JW. 2018. Wild and domesticated Moringa oleifera differ in taste, glucosinolate composition, and antioxidant potential, but not myrosinase activity or protein content. Scientific Reports, 8, Article number: 7995. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26059-3.
13. Du QH, Wu YH, Xue S, Fu Z. 2022. Extraction concentration of NaCl on structural, physicochemical and functional properties of Moringa oleifera seeds protein LWT Food Science and Technology, 155, Article 112988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112988
14. Elghandour MMY, Vallejo LH, Salem AZM, Mellado M, Camacho LM, Cipriano M, Olafadehan OA, Olivares J, Rojas S. 2017. Moringa oleifera leaf meal as an environmental friendly protein source for ruminants: Biomethane and carbon dioxide production, and fermentation characteristics. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 165, 1229-1238.
15. Foidl N, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2001. Potentiel de Moringa oleifera en agriculture et dans l’industrie, Potentiel de développement des produits du moringa Dar es Salaam, Tanzanie. Available online: http://www.alismiri.com/uploads/Etude..tanzanie MORINGA.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2019].
16. Garcia, A.M.N., Moumen, A., Ruiz, D.Y., Alcaide, E.M., 2003. Chemical composition and nutrients availability for goats and sheep of two-stage olive cake and olive leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 107, 61-74.
17. Gebregiorgis F, Negesse T, Nurfeta A. 2012. Feed intake and utilization in sheep fed graded levels of dried Moringa (Moringa stenopetala) leaf as a supplement to rhodes grass hay. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44: 511-517.
18. Ghazali HM, Mohammed AS. 2011. Chapter 93-Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Seed Oil Composition, Nutritional Aspects, and Health Attributes. In: Preedy, V.R., Watson, R.R. and Patel, V.B., Eds., Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, Academic Press, San Diego, 787-793.
19. Giuberti G, Rocchetti G, Montesano D, Lucini L. 2021. The potential of Moringa oleifera in food formulation: A promising source of functional compounds with health-promoting properties Current Opinion in Food Science, 42: 257-269.
20. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. 1970. Forage fiber analyses, Agriculture Handbook, No: 379, Washington D.C., USA.
21. Gupta K, Barat GK, Wagle DS, Chawla HKL (1989). Nutrient contents and antinutritional factors in convectional and non-conventional leafy vegetables. Food Chemistry, 31: 105-116.
22. Hassanein AMA. 2018. Nutritional, chemical and molecular characterisation of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori genotypes. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 93: 500-509.
23. Khan, A., M. Tahir, I. Alhidary, A. Abdelrahman, A. A. Swelum and R. U. Khan. 2022. Role of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf extract on productive parameters, humoral immunity and lipid peroxidation in broiler chicks. Animal Biotechnology, 33:6, 1353-1358.
24. Kwena Mokoboki H, Nthabiseng Sebola A, Emmanuel Ravhuhali K, Nhlane L. 2019. Chemical composition, in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability and dry matter intake of some selected browse plants. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, 5: 1587811: 1-10.
25. Laouali Manzo M, Halidou D, Hallarou M, Illo A, Rabani A, Donnen P, Dramaix M. 2016. Composition de la poudre des feuilles sèches de Moringa oleifera dans trois régions du Niger. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 16: 11432-11442.
26. Liang L, Wang C, Li S, Chu X, Sun K. 2019. Nutritional compositions of Indian Moringa oleifera seed and antioxidant activity of its polypeptides. Food Science and Nutrition ,7: 1754-1760.
27. Lin H, Zhu H, Tan J, Wang H, Wang Z, Li P, Zhao C, Liu J. 2019. Comparative analysis of chemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves from china and India by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Molecules, 7; 24(5): 942, doi: 10.3390/molecules24050942.
28. Lin M, Zhang J, Chen X. 2018. Bioactive flavonoids in Moringa oleifera and their health- promoting properties. Journal of Functional Foods, 47, 469-479.
29. Liu Y, Wang X, Wei X, Gao Z, Han J. 2018. Values, properties and utility of different parts of Moringa oleifera: An overview. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 10: 371-378.
30. Ma ZF, Ahmad J, Zhang H, Khan I, Muhammad S. 2020. Evaluation of phytochemical and medicinal properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as a potential functional food. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.12.002.
31. Mabapa MP, Ayisi KK, Mariga IK. 2017. Effect of planting density and harvest interval on the leaf yield and quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) under diverse agroecological conditions of northern South Africa. International Journal of Agronomy, 1: 1-9.
32. Magalhães ERB, Menezes NNF, Silva FL, Garrido JWA, Sousa MASB, Santos ES. 2021. Effect of oil extraction on the composition, structure, and coagulant effect of Moringa oleifera seeds. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123902.
33. Makkar HPS, Becker K. 1997. Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 128: 311-322.
34. Mendieta-Araica B, Sporndly R, Sanchez NR, Sporndly E. 2011. Moringa (Moringa oleifera ) leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diets in tropical areas. Livestock Science, 137: 10-17.
35. Mendieta-Araica B, Spörndly E, Reyes-Sánchez N, Salmerón-Miranda F, Halling M. 2013. Biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera under different planting densities and levels of nitrogen fertilization. Agroforestry Systems, 87: 81-92.
36. Moreki JC, Gabanakgosi K. 2014. Potential use of Moringa olifera in poultry diets. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 2: 109-115.
37. Moyo B, Masika PJ, Hugo A, Muchenje V. 2011. Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal Biotechnology 10:12925-12933.
38. Naumann C, Bassler R. 1993. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, Methodenbuch, Band III, VDLUFA-Verlag, Frankfurt.
39. Ndong M, Wade S, Dossou N, Guiro AT, Diagne Gning, R. 2007. Valeur nutritionnelle du Moringa oleifera , étude de la biodisponibilité du fer, effet de l’enrichissement de divers plats traditionnels senegalais avec la poudre des feuilles. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 7: 1-17. doi:10.18697/ajfand.14.IPGRI1-8.
40. Nkukwana TT, Muchenje V, Pieterse E, Masika PJ, Mabusela TP, Hoffman LC, Dzama, K. 2014. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Livestock. Science, 61: 139-46.
41. Onu PN, Aniebo A. O. 2011. Influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the performance and blood chemistry of starter broilers. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 1: 38-44.
42. Oyeyinka AT, Oyeyinka SA. 2018. Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University: 127-136.
43. Özcan, ¨ MM, Ghafoor, K, Juhaimi, FAl, Ahmed, IAM, Babiker, EE (2019). Effect of coldpress and soxhlet extraction on fatty acids, tocopherols and sterol contents of the moringa seed oils. South African Journal of Botany, 124, 333-337.
44. Öztürk B, Köse MA, Ateş U, Yarılgaç T. 2022.Total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera grown in different locations of Giresun-Türkiye. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 39 (1) 35-39.
45. Panwar A, Mathur J. 2020. Genetic and biochemical variability among Moringa oleifera Lam. accessions collected from different agro-ecological zones. Genome, 63(3), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen2019-0102 .
46. Puycha K, Yuangsoi B, Charoenwattanasak S, Wongmaneeprateep S, Niamphithak P, Wiriyapattanasub P. 2017. Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera ) leaf supplementation on growth performance and feed utilization of Bocourti’s catfish (Pangasius bocourti). Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51: 286-291.
47. Quintanilla-Medina JJ, López-Aguirre D, Joaquín-Cancino S, Vázquez-Armijo JF, López- Villalobos N, Limas-Martínez AG, Estrada-Drouaillet B, Martínez-González JC, Hernández-Meléndez J. 2018. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf meal as a protein supplement for small ruminants in tropical conditions: nutrient content at different harvest dates during the year. Agroforestry Systems, 94: 1301-1306.
48. Qwele K, Hugo A, Oyedemi SO, Moyo B, Masika PJ, Muchenje V. 2013. Chemical composition, fatty acid content and antioxidant potential of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa (Moringa oleifera ) leaves, sun flower cake and grass hay. Meat Science, 93: 455-462.
49. Ramos O, Castillo J, Sandoval J. 2015. Effect of cutting intervals and heights in forage productivity of Moringa oleifera. Revista Bio-Ciencias, 52: 187-194.
50. Reyes-Sánchez N, Spörndly E, Ledin I. 2006. Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition. Livestock Science, 101: 24-31.
51. Rohweder DA, Barnes RF, Jorgensen N. 1978. Proposed Hay Grading Standards Based on Laboratory Analyses for Evaluating Quality. Journal of Animal Science. Oxford University Press (OUP) 47: 747-759.
52. Saini RK, Sivanesan I, Keum YS. 2016. Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance. 3 Biotech, 6(2): 203, doi: 10.1007/s13205-016-0526-3
53. Saint Sauveur A, Broin M. 2010. Produire et transformer les feuilles de Moringa. Available online: http://www.anancy.net/documents/file_fr/moringawebFR.pdf (Accessed 30 January 2020) .
54. Sankhalkar S, Vernekar V. 2016. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Phcog. Res., 8:16-21.
55. Sebola NA, Mlambo V, Mokoboki HK. 2019. Chemical characterisation of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves and the apparent digestibility of MO leaf meal-based diets offered to three chicken strains. Agroforestry Systems, 93: 149-160.
56. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic- hosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
57. SPSS, 2003. SPSS for Windows advanced statistics release. Chicago, USA: IBM. From https://www.ibm.com/tr-tr/analytics/spss-statistics-software.
58. Sun B, Zhang Y, Ding M, Xi Q, Liu G, Li Y, Chen X. 2018. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaves as a substitute for alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass trait, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters of rabbits. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 102: 194-203.
59. Teixeira EM, Carvalho MR, Neves VA, Silva MA, Arantes-Pereira L. 2014. Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves. Food Chemistry, 147: 51-54.
60. TSI. 1991. Turkish Standard Institute, Animal Feeds-Metabolic Energy Determination (Chemical Method) TSI Nr: 9610, Ankara, Turkey (In Turkish).
61. Valdivié M, Mesa O, Rodríguez B. 2016. Use of diets with Moringa oleifera (stems+leaves) meals in laying hens. Cuban Journal Agricultural Science, 50: 445- 454.
62. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
63. Varkey AJ. 2020. Purification of river water using Moringa oleifera seed and copper for point-of-use household application. Scientific African, 8, e00364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00364
64. Wapi C, Nkukwana TT, Hoffman LC, Dzama K, Pieterse E, Mabusela T, Muchenje V. 2013. Physico-chemical shelf-life indicators of meat from broilers given Moringa oleifera leaf meal. South African Journal Animal Science, 43: 43-47.
65. Wasonowati, C., Sulistyaningsih, E., Indradewa, D. and Kurniasih, B. 2019. Morphophysiology and the yield of two types of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) cultivated in two different regions in Madura. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 250 (2019) 012004, https://doi.10.1088/1755-1315/250/1/012004
66. Wiltshire FMS, Santos AF, Silva LKB, Almeida LC, Freitas LS, Lima AS, Fricks AT, Dariva C, Soares CMF.2022. Influence of seasonality on the physicochemical properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil and their oleochemical potential. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences, 4, 30, 100068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100068
67. Yavuz M. 2005. Determination of some ruminant feeds’ relative feed value and in vitro digestion values. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22: 97-101 (In Turkish).
68. Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y. and Wu, J. 2016. Yield and quality of Moringa oleifera under different planting densities and cutting heights in southwest China. Industrial Crops and Products, 91: 88-96.
69. Ziani BEC, Rached W, Bachari K, Alves MJ, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. 2019. Detailed chemical composition and functional properties of ammodaucus leucotrichus cross. & dur. and Moringa oleifera Lamarck. Journal of Functional Foods, 53: 237-247.
70. Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555-559.