İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi

Mehmet Akköse; Celal İzci

doi:10.29185/hayuretim.362167

İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Topallık, modern süt sığırcılığında hayvanların verimini, sağlığını ve refahını etkileyerek ciddi miktarlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Ayak hastalıklarının ortak bir göstergesi olan topallıklar, multifaktoriyel etiyolojiye sahiptir. Bunlar ineğe bağlı faktörler ve sürüye bağlı faktörler olarak iki gruba ayrılabilir. Sürüye bağlı faktörlerden olan inek konforu (özellikle geçiş dönemindeki ineklerin konforu) topallık nedeni olarak büyük öneme sahiptir. Topallığın başlatıcı faktörleri (buzağılama, besleme, travma) zayıf inek konforu ile şiddetlenebilir. İnek konforunun düşmesi, yeni topallık olgularının gelişmesine ve topal ineklerin iyileşme süresinin uzamasına neden olarak topallık insidensini etkiler. Dinlenme süresinin azalması ineklerin sert zeminlere maruz kalma süresini de uzatacaktır. İnek konforu, inek konfor indeksi (İKİ), durak kullanım indeksi, durakta bekleme indeksi, tarsal ve karpal eklem puanlamaları veya hijyen puanlaması gibi yöntemlerle değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı serbest duraklı ahırlarda barındırılan süt ineklerinde, inek konforunun topallık oluşumundaki önemini değerlendirmek ve inek konforunun değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemler hakkında bilgi vermektir.

Keywords

Topallık,inek konforu,ahır zemini,durak düzenlemesi

References

Akköse, M., İzci, C. 2017. Süt ineklerinde yatma süresinin topallıklara etkisi ve yatma süresini etkileyen faktörler. Lalahan Hay. Araşt. Enst. Derg. 57(1), 44-51.
Ayyılmaz, T., Uzmay, C., Kaya, İ. 2011a. Süt sığırlarında inek konforu esaslı durak konforu tasarımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 52(2): 46-57.
Ayyılmaz, T., Uzmay, C., Kaya, İ. 2011b. İneklerde konforun artırılması açısından serbest durak tasarımı. 7. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, 14-16 Eylül, Adana.
Bell, E., Weary, DM. 2000. The effects of farm environment and management on laminitis. 35th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, 3-5 October, Spokane, Washington.
Bergsten, C. 2010. Impact of flooring on claw health and lameness. Adv. Dairy Tech. 22: 241-251.
Bergsten, C. 2013. Walking and standing surfaces for longevity. These floors are made for walking. Cow Longevity Conference, 28-29 August, Tumba, Sweden.
Bernardi, F., Fregonesi, J., Winckler, C., Veira, D.M., Keyserlink, M.A.G., Weary, D.M. 2009. The stall design paradox: neck reil increase lameness but improve udder and stall hygiene. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 3074-3080. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1166
Bicalho, R.C. 2011. Lameness in dairy cattle: a dabilitating disease or a disease of dabilitated cattle? Western Dairy Management Conference, 9-11 March, Reno, NV.
Bicalho, R.C., Mashado, V.S., Caixeta, L.S. 2009. Lameness in dairy cattle: a dabilitating disease or a disease of dabilitated cattle? A cross sectional study of lameness prevalence and thickness of the digital cushion. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 3175-3184. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1827
Blowey, R. 2015. Cattle Lameness and Hoofcare. 3rd edition, 5m Publishing, QN.

Blowey, R. 2005. Factors associated with lameness in dairy cattle. In Practice, 27: 154-162. DOI:10.1136/inpract.27.3.154
Booth, C.J., Warnick, L.D., Gröhn, Y.T., Maizon, D.O., Guard, C.L., Janssen, D. 2004. Effect of lameness on culling in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 4115-4122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73554-7
Chapinal, N., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Cerri, R.L.A., Ito, K., LeBlanc, S.J., Weary, D.M. 2013. Short communication: Herd-level reproductive performance and its relationship with lameness and leg injuries in freestall dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 7066-7072. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6967
Cook, N.B. 2003. Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of hausing type and stall surface. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223:1324-1328. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1324
Cook, N.B. 2007. A guide to investigating herd lameness problem. http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/Scientific-articles/Animal-health/A-guide-to-investigating-a-herd-lameness-problem/ (Erişim: 15 Ocak 2016)
Cook, N.B. 2008. The influences of cow comfort on herd lameness dynamics. The 15th International Symposium & the 7th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. 9-13 June, Kuopio, Finland.
Cook, N.B., Bennett, T.B., Nordlund, K.V. 2005. Monitoring indices of cow comfort in free-stall-housed dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3876-3885. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73073-3
Cook, N.B., Bennett, T.B., Nordlund, K.V. 2004. Effect of free stall surface on daily activity patterns in dairy cows with relevance to lameness prevalence. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 2912-2922. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73422-0
Cook, N.B., Nordlund, K.V. 2004a. An update on dairy cow freestall design. Bovine Practitioner, 39: 29-36.
Cook, N.B., Nordlund, K.V. 2004b. Behavioral needs of the transition cow and considerations for special needs facility design. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20: 495-520. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.011
Cook, N.B., Mentink, R.L., Bennett, T.B., Burgi, K. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1674–1682. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-634
Dippel, S., Dolezal, M., Brenninkmeyer, C., Brinkman, J., March, S., Knierim, U., Winckler, C. 2009. Risk factor lameness in freestall-housed dairy cows across two breeds, farming system and countries. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 5476-5486. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2288
Drissler, M., Gaworski, M., Tucker, C.B., Weary, D.M. 2005. Freestall maintenance: effects on lying behavior of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2381-2387. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72916-7
Endres, M.I. 2012. Bedding options for dairy cows. Adv. Dairy Tech. 24: 361-369.
Endres M.I. 2017. The relationship of cow comfort and flooring to lameness disorders in dairy cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 33(2): 227-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.007
Espejo, L.A., Endres, M.I., Salfer, J.A. 2006. Prevalence of lameness in high producing holstein cows housed in freestall barns in Minnesota. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 3052-3085. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72579-6
Fjeldaas, T., Sogstad, A.M., Østerås, O. 2011. Locomotion and claw disorders in Norwegian dairy cows housed in freestalls with slatted concrete, solid concrete, or solid rubber flooring in the alleys. J. Dairy Sci. 94: 1243–1255. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3173
Fregonesi, J.A., von Keyserlink, M.A.G., Tucker, C.B., Veira, D.B., Weary, D.M. 2009. Neck-rail position in the freestall affects standing behavior and udder and stall cleanliness. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 1979-1985 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73271-3
Gantner, V., Mijić, P., Kuterovac, K., Solić, D., Gantner, R. 2011. Temperature-humidity index values and their significance on the daily production of dairy cattle. Mljekarstvo. 61(1); 56-63. UDK: 637.112
Garbarino, E.J., Hernandez, J.A., Shearer, J.K., Risco, C.A., Tatcher, W.W. 2004. Effect of lameness on ovarian activity in postpartum holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 4123-4131. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73555-9
Gibbons, J., Vasseur, E., Rushen, J., de Passillé, A.M. 2012. A training programme to ensure high repeatability of injury scoring of dairy cows. Animal Welfare, 21: 379-388. DOI: 10.7120/09627286.21.3.379
Gomez, A., Cook, N.B. 2010. Time budgets of lactating dairy cattle in commercial freestall herds. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 5572-5781. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3436
Gooch, C.A. 2012. Flooring considerations for dairy cattle. http://articles.extension.org/pages/65155/flooring-considerations-for-dairy-cows (Erişim: 20 Temuz 2016)
Graves, R. E., McFarland, D. F., Tyson, J. T. 2009. Designing and building dairy cattle freestalls. http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/health/facilities/designing-building-dairy-cattle-freestalls/extension_publication_file (Erişim: 10 Mart 2016)
Greenough, P.R. 2007. Bovine Laminitis and Lameness - A Hands of Approach. 1th ed. Saunders, Toronto.
Haskell, M.J., Rennie, L.J., Bowell, V.A., Bell, M.J., Lawrence, A.B. 2006. Housing system, milk production, and zero-grazing effects on lameness and leg injury in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 4259-4266. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72472-9
Herlin, A.H. 1997. Comparison of lying area surfaces for dairy cows by preference, hygiene, and lying down behaviour. Swed. J. Agri. Res., 27: 189-196.
Hernandez, J.A., Garbarino, E.J., Shearer, J.K., Risco, C.A., Thatcher, W.W. 2005a. Comparison of the calving-to-conception interval in dairy cows with different degrees of lameness during the prebreeding postpartum period. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227: 1284-1291. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1284
Hernandez, J.A., Garbarino, E.J., Shearer, J.K., Risco, C.A., Thatcher, W.W. 2005b. Comparison of milk yield in dairy cows with different degrees of lameness. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227: 1292-1296. DOI:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1292
Hulsen, J. 2010. Cow signals. A practical guide for dairy farm manegement. Rood Bond Publishers, Zutphen, Netherlands.
Huzzey, J.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M. 2005. Changes in feding, drinking, and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2454-2461. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72923-4
İzci, C., Erol, M., Gökşahin, E. 2011. A study about determining the changes in the structural characteristics of the digital cushion in heifer and multipar dairy cows: A preliminary report. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 17(1): 159-162. DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2010.3083
İzci, C., Akköse, M., Gerçekcioğlu, M., 2016. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yapılan topallık skorlaması sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. 15’inci Ulusal Veteriner Cerrahi Kongresi ve 1’th International Turkey Veterinary Surgery Congress,11-14 Mayıs, Erzurum.
Jungbluth, T., Benz, B., Wandel, H., 2003. Soft walking areas in loose housing systems for dairy cows. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. In Fifth International Dairy Housing Proceedings of the 29-31 January 2003 Conference, (Fort Worth, Texas, USA), 171-177. DOI: 10.13031/2013.11618
Lischer, C.J., Ossent, P. 2002. Pathogenesis of sole lesions attributed to laminitis in cattle. 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Manske, T., Hultgren, J., Bergsten, C. 2002. The effect of claw trimming on the hoof health of Swedish dairy cattle. Prev. Vet. Med. 54, 113–129.
Margerison, J.K., Lau, J., Hedley, M.J., Horne, D.J., Hanly, J.A., Powell, N., Shilton, A. 2014. Lying and feeding behaviour of dairy cows at pasture and housed in freestalls fitted with sand and water filled matts. 27th Annual FLRC Workshop, February, New Zelland.
Munksgaard, L., Jensen, M.B., Pedersen, L.J., Hansen, S.W., Matthews, L. 2005. Quantifying behavioural priorities-effect of time constraints on behaviour of dairy cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 92: 3-14. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.005
Mülling, C.K.W., Green, L., Barker, Z., Scaife, J., Amory, J., Speijer, M. 2006. Risk factors associated with foot lameness in dairy cattle and a suggested approach for lameness reduction. World Buiatrich Congress, Nice, France.
Mülling, C.K.W. 2009. Environmental influences on claw function and integrity. CanWest Veterinary Conference, Banff, Alberta.
Newsome, R.F., Green, M.J., Bell, N.J., Bollard, N.J., Mason, C.S., Whay, H.R., Huxley, J.N. 2017a. A prospective cohort study of digital cushion and corium thickness. Part 1: Associations with body condition, lesion incidence, and proximity to calving. J Dairy Sci. 100(6):4745-4758. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12012
Newsome, R.F., Green, M.J., Bell, N.J., Bollard, N.J., Mason, C.S., Whay, H.R., Huxley, J.N. 2017b. A prospective cohort study of digital cushion and corium thickness. Part 2: Does thinning of the digital cushion and corium lead to lameness and claw horn disruption lesions? J Dairy Sci. 100(6): 4759-4771. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12013
Nocek, J.E. 1997. Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 1005-1028. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76026-0
Norberg, P. 2013. Effects of rubber alley flooring on cow locomotion and welfare. http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/Scientific-articles/Animal-health/Effects-of-rubber-alley-flooring-on-cow-locomotion-and-welfare/ (Erişim: 10 Şubat 2016)
O’Callaghan, K.A., Cripps, P.J., Downham, D.Y., Murray, R.D. 2003. Subjective and objective assessment of pain and discomfort due to lameness in dairy cattle. Animal Welfare, 12: 605-610.
Ouweltjes, W., van der Werf, J.T.N., Frankena, K., van Leeuven, J.L. 2011. Effect of flooring and restricted freestall, access on behavior and claw health of dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 94: 705-715. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3208
Phillips, C.J.C., Morris, I.D., 2001. The locomotion of dairy cows on floor surfaces with different frictional properties. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 623–628. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74517-1
Platz, S., Ahrens, F., Bendel, J., Meyer, H. H. D., Erhard, M. H., 2008. What happens with cow behavior when replacing concrete slatted floor by rubber coating: A case study. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 999-1004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0584
Proudfoot, K.L., Weary, D.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. 2010. Behavior during transition differs for cows diagnosed with claw horn lesions in mid lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 3970–3978. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2767
Rushen, J., de Passillé, A.M., 2009. Flooring options to minimize lameness and optimize welfare. Adv. Dairy Tech. 21: 293-301.
Sepulveda-Varas, P., Weary, D.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. 2014. Lying behavior and postpartum health status in grazing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97: 6334-6344. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8357
Shearer, J.K., van Amstel, S.R., 2007. Effect of flooring and/or flooring surfaces on lameness disorders in dairy cattle. Western Dairy Management Conference, March 7-9 Reno, NV.
Shearer, J.K. 2010. Nutritional and animal welfare implications to lameness. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Sogstad, A.M., Fjeldaas, T., Qsteras, O., Plym-Forshell, K. 2005. Prevalence of claw lesions in Norwegian dairy cattle housed in tie stalls and free stalls. Prev. Vet. Med., 70(3-4):191-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.03.005
Solano, L. 2013. Decreasing lameness and increasing cow comfort on Alberta dairy farms. Adv. Dairy Tech. 25: 297-306.
Solano, L., Barkema, H.W., Pajor, E.A., Mason, S., LeBlanc, S.J., Nash, C.G.R., Haley, D.B., Pellerin, D., Rushen, J., de Passillé, A.M., Vasseur, E., Orsel, K. 2016. Associations between lying behavior and lameness in Canadian Holstein-Friesian cows housed in freestall barns. J. Dairy Sci. 99: 2086-2101. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10336
Somers, J.G., Frankena, K., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E.N., Metz, J.H., 2005. Risk factors for digital dermatitis in dairy cows kept in cubicle houses in The Netherlands. Prev. Vet. Med., 71(1-2): 11–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.05.002
Sprecher, D.J., Hostetler, D.E., Kaneene, J.B. 1997. A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance. Theriogenology, 47: 1179–1187. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00098-8
Tarlton, J.F., Holah, D.E., Evans, K.M. 2002. Biomechanical and histopathological changes in the support structures of bovine hooves around the time of first calving. Veterinary Journal 163: 196–204. DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0651
Tarlton, J.F., Webster, A.J.F. 2002. A biochemical and biomechanical basis for the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions. Proceedings of the 12’th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, 9-13 January, Orlando, USA.
Telezhenko, E., Bergsten, C. 2005. Influence of floor type on the locomotion of dairy cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 93(3-4):183-197. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.021
Telezhenko, E., Lidfors, L., Bergsten, C. 2007. Dairy cow preferences for soft or hard flooring when standing or walking. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3716-3724. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-876
Telezhenko, E., Bergsten, C., Magnusson, M., Nilsson, C. 2009. Effect of different flooring systems on claw conformation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 2625–2633. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1798
Thomsen, P.T., Ersboll, A.K., Sorensen, J.T. 2012. Short communication: Automatic washing of hooves can help control digital dermatitis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95; 7195-7199. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5171
Toussaint-Raven, E. 2003. Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming. 3th ed. Crowood Press, Ipswich, p. 59.
Tucker, C.B., Weary, D.M. 2004. Bedding on geotextile mattresses: how much is needed to improve cow comfort? J. Dairy Sci. 87: 2889-2895. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73419-0
Tucker, C.B., Weary, D.M., Fraser, D. 2004. Free-stall dimention: effects on preference and stall usage. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 1208-1216. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73271-3
Tucker, C.B., Weary, D.M., Fraser, D. 2005. Influence of neck-rail placement on freestall preference, use, and cleanliness. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2730-2737. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72952-0
Tucker, C.B., Zdanowicz, G., Weary, D.M. 2006. Brisket boards reduce freestall use. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2603-2607. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72337-2
Uslucan, B., Özkütük, K. 2007. Entansif süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde altlık materyallerin kullanımı, önemi ve çeşitleri. 3. Ulusal Zootekni Öğrenci Kongresi, 17-18 Mayıs, Kahramanmaraş.
van der Tol, P.P.J., Metz, J.H.M., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E.N., Back, W., Braam, C.R., Weijs, W.A. 2005. Frictional forces required for unrestrained locomotion in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 615–624. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72725-9
van Eerdenburg, F.J.C.M. 2013. Lying area design and barn climate getting it right. Cow Longevity Conference, 28-29 August, Tumba, Sweden.
Vanegas, J., Overton, M., Berry, S.L., Sischo, W.M. 2006. Effect of ruber floring on claw health in lactating dairy cows housed in free-stall barns. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 4251-4258. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72471-7 von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Cunha, G.E., Fregonesi, J.A., Weary, D.M. 2011. Introducing heifers to freestall housing. J. Dairy Sci. 94: 1900-1907. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3994
Wagner-Storch, A.M., Palmer, R.W., Kammel, D.W. 2003. Factors affecting stall use for different freestall bases. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 2253-2266. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73816-8
Walker, S.L., Smith, R.F., Routly, J.E., Jones, D.N., Morris, M.J., Dobson, H. 2008. Lameness, activity time-budget, and estrus expression in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 4552-4559. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1048
Warnick, L.D., Janssen, D., Guard, C.L., Gröhn, Y.T. 2001. The effect of lameness on milk production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1988-1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74642-5
Yaylak, E. 2008. Süt sığırlarında topallık ve topallığın bazı özelliklere etkisi. Hayvansal Üretim 49(1): 47-56.
Yaylak, E., Akbaş, Y., Kaya, İ., Uzmay C. 2010. The effects of several cow and herd level factors on lameness in Holstein Cows reared in İzmir province of Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(21): 2714-2722. DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.2714.2722

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

-

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Mehmet Akköse ^*

Celal İzci This is me

Publication Date

November 23, 2017

Submission Date

June 20, 2016

Acceptance Date

-

Published in Issue

Year 2017 Volume: 58 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.362167

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35BD85GT

APA

Akköse, M., & İzci, C. (2017). İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Animal Production, 58(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.362167

AMA

1.Akköse M, İzci C. İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Animal Production. 2017;58(1):33-45. doi:10.29185/hayuretim.362167

Chicago

Akköse, Mehmet, and Celal İzci. 2017. “İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi Ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of Animal Production 58 (1): 33-45. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.362167.

EndNote

Akköse M, İzci C (November 1, 2017) İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Animal Production 58 1 33–45.

IEEE

[1]M. Akköse and C. İzci, “İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi”, Journal of Animal Production, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 33–45, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.29185/hayuretim.362167.

ISNAD

Akköse, Mehmet - İzci, Celal. “İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi Ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of Animal Production 58/1 (November 1, 2017): 33-45. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.362167.

JAMA

1.Akköse M, İzci C. İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Animal Production. 2017;58:33–45.

MLA

Akköse, Mehmet, and Celal İzci. “İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi Ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of Animal Production, vol. 58, no. 1, Nov. 2017, pp. 33-45, doi:10.29185/hayuretim.362167.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Akköse, Celal İzci. İnek Konforunun Topallıklar Üzerine Etkisi ve Konforun Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Animal Production. 2017 Nov. 1;58(1):33-45. doi:10.29185/hayuretim.362167

Cited By

Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Ayak Banyosu Uygulamaları

Hayvansal Üretim

https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.774433

Housing conditions during the last month of gestation affect hoof health after calving in dairy heifers

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia

https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5320220043

Creative Commons License Journal of Animal Production is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

26407 26406 26408 26409 26410 26399 26411 26412 26413 26414 26415