Importance of Flea Infestations and Ways of Strunggle in Small Ruminant Husbandry

Abstract

In this review article, The morphology and biology of the pine, which is an important external parasite, as well as its importance and control methods in small animal husbandry, were given. The basis of this study is; scientific research articles, reviews, and presentations on fleas. Fleas fed by blood sucking from birds and mammals are about 1.5-4 mm long, wingless small arthropods. Fleas, which have a history of nearly 60 million years and even in prehistoric mammals, have been seen common parasites even in birds living in many parts of the world. Until now, about 2700 species and subspecies have been identified. 94% of the known flea species were found in mammals, and the remaining 6% were found in birds. The adult fleas live up to 1 year. The average leap distance in fleas also varies depending on the species and reaches the highest value in poultry fleas (Ceratophyllus styx). The basis of jumping behavior is a membranous structure with a rubber-like protein (resilin) at the hind legs of the fleas. Fleas, allergic eczema and anemia due to some skin diseases caused by bites of fleas, are quite uncomfortable conditions for both the owner and the animals. Female fleas have the ability to absorb 13.6 μl (0.0136 ml) of blood per day. This amount corresponds to about 15 times the fleas live weight. Fleas also have the ability to carry some zoonotic diseases. These external parasites also played an important role in the spread of plague disease (Black Death) in history. As a result, effective strunggle with adult flea populations in small ruminant husbandry should be done at the right time and with the right methods. For this purpose, the most effective approach in the struggle against fleas, together with the use of more than one method of Integrated Strunggle Methods and this method should be provided by experts in the enterprises.

Keywords

• Flea,sheep-goatfarms,flea-borne diseases,strunggle methods

Keçi ve Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Pirenin Önemi ve Mücadele Şekilleri

Abstract

Önemli bir dış parazit olan pirenin morfolojisi ve biyolojisinin yanı sıra küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğindeki önemi ve mücadele yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Pire konusunda yapılmış araştırma makaleleri, derleme ve bildiriler çalışmanın esasını oluşturmaktadır. Kuş ve memelilerden kan emerek beslenen pireler, yaklaşık 1.5-4 mm uzunluğunda, kanatsız küçük eklembacaklılardandır. Yaklaşık 60 milyon yıllık bir geçmişi olan ve tarih öncesi memelilerde bile bulunan pireler, dünyanın birçok bölgesinde yaşayan kuşlarda bile görülmüştür. Günümüze kadar yaklaşık 2700 pire türü ve alt türü tanımlanmıştır. Bilinen pire türlerinin % 94'ü memelilerde, geriye kalanın % 6'sı da kuşlarda bulunmaktadır. Erginleri 1 yıl kadar yaşar. Pirelerde ortalama sıçrama mesafesi, türlere bağlı olarak da değişim gösterip kanatlı pirelerinde (Ceratophyllus styx) en yüksek değere ulaşmaktadır. Sıçrama davranışının esasını, pirelerin arka ayaklarında olup lastik benzeri bir protein (resilin) yapılmış olan zarımsı bir yapı oluşturmaktadır. Pireler, alerjik egzama ve kansızlık gibi ısırmadan kaynaklanan bazı deri hastalıklarından dolayı gerek işletme sahibini gerekse hayvanları oldukça rahatsız eder. C. Felis felis bulunan dişi pirelerin, günde 13.6 μl (0.0136 ml) kan emebilme özelliği vardır. Bu miktar, pire canlı ağırlığının yaklaşık 15 katıkadardır. Pireler, bazı zoonoz hastalıkları taşıma özelliğine de sahiptirler. Bu dış parazitler, tarihte de veba hastalığının (Kara Ölüm) yayılmasında önemli bir rol oynamışlardır. Sonuç olarak özellikle küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde ergin pirelerle etkin bir mücadele doğru zamanda ve doğru yöntemlerle yapılmalıdır. Bu amaçla pire mücadelesinde en etkili yaklaşım, birden fazla yöntemin birlikte kullanımı olan “Entegre Mücadele Yöntemi” olup bu yöntemin uzman kişiler tarafından işletmelerde mutlaka uygulanması sağlanmalıdır.

Keywords

• koyun-keçi işletmeleri,pireyle taşınan hastalıklar,mücadele yöntemleri,Pire,mücadele yöntemleri

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