Effects of ACTH and Acute Heat Stress on Oxidative Stress in an Early Environmentally Enriched Broilers

Year 2021, , 93 - 98, 31.12.2021

Çiğdem Şeremet Tuğalay , Özer Hakan Bayraktar , Nilüfer Genç

https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.834785

Abstract

Objective: In this study, the effects of early (≤21. d) environmental enrichment and acute heat stress on oxidative stress were investigated and the ability of broilers to cope with later heat stress and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatments were determined.

Material and Methods: Six hundred day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups as a control (C), environmental enrichment (EE) and environmental enrichment plus heat stress (EE+HS). At 21 d of age, broilers in EE+HS group were exposed to acute heat stress at 38±1 ˚C for 3 h. On the day 42nd, C and EE groups were divided into 2 subgroups as well Control, Control+ACTH, EE, EE+ACTH. While 50 IU ACTH/kg body weight was injected to Control+ACTH and EE+ACTH groups intramuscularly, broilers in C, EE and EE+HS groups were exposed to heat stress and oxidative stress responses of birds were evaluated.

Results: Environmental enrichment did not affect blood corticosterone (CORT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of broilers at 21 d of age. ACTH treatment caused a significant decrease in CORT and MDA concentrations in EE broilers compared to the control group. Exposing birds to heat stress (42nd day) significantly increased CORT, MDA and decreased liver SOD levels in control as compared to EE and EE+HS groups. No significant differences were found in the SOD serum levels between groups. ACTH treatment caused more stress reactions than heat stress.

Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show that exposure of broilers to acute heat stress or treatment of experimental adrenocorticotropic hormone causes preferable reactions in oxidative metabolism. It was concluded that rearing in an enrichment environment beginning from early ages can be recommended as a useful method for adaptation to stress.

Keywords

ACTH, Acute Heat Stress, Broiler, Environmental Enrichment, Oxidative Metabolism

Erken Yaşta Zenginleştirilmiş Çevrede Yetiştirilen Etlik Piliçlerde ACTH ve Akut Isı Stresinin Oksidatif Stres Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, erken yaşta uygulanan çevresel zenginleştirme ve akut ısı stresinin (21. gün) oksidatif stres üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış ve etlik piliçlerin daha sonraki ısı stresi ve adrenokortikotropik hormon (ACTH) uygulamaları ile baş edebilme yetenekleri belirlenmiştir.

Materyal ve Metot: 600 adet günlük yaşta civciv kontrol (C), çevresel zenginleştirme (EE), ve çevresel zenginleştirme+ısı stresi (EE+HS) olmak üzere rastgele 3 deneme grubuna ayrılmıştır. EE+HS grubundaki civcivler denemenin 21. gününde 3 saat süre ile 38±1 ºC ısı stresine maruz bırakılmışlardır. Denemenin 42. gününde C ve EE grupları Kontrol, Kontrol+ACTH, EE ve EE+ACTH olmak üzere 2 alt gruba bölünmüşlerdir. Kontrol+ACTH ve EE+ACTH gruplarındaki piliçlere kas içi 50 IU ACTH/kg enjekte edilirken, C, EE ve EE+HS grupları ısı stresine maruz bırakılmış ve oksidatif strese karşı tepkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Çevresel zenginleştirme etlik piliçlerin 21. gün kan kortikosteron (CORT), malondialdehid (MDA) ve karaciğer süperoksit dismutas (SOD) düzeylerini etkilememiştir. EE grubu piliçlerde ACTH enjeksiyonu CORT ve MDA konsantrasyonlarında kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında önemli düzeyde azalmaya neden olmuştur. Piliçlerin ısı stresine maruz bırakılmaları (42. gün) EE ve EE+HS gruplarına kıyasla kontrol grubunda CORT ve MDA düzeylerini önemli ölçüde arttırmış, karaciğer SOD düzeyini düşürmüştür. Gruplar arasında serum SOD seviyeleri bakımından önemli bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. ACTH uygulaması, ısı stresinden daha fazla stres reaksiyonuna sebep olmuştur.

Sonuç: Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar göstermektedir ki broylerlerin ısı stresine maruz bırakılmaları veya deneysel adenokortikotropik hormon uygulaması oksidatif metabolizmada önemli tepkilere neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, erken yaşlardan itibaren zenginleştirilmiş çevrede büyütme strese adaptasyon sağlanması amacıyla yararlanılabilecek bir yöntem olarak önerilebilir.

Keywords

ACTH, akut ısı stresi, etlik piliç, çevresel zenginleştirme, oksidatif metabolizma.

References

• Adeniji OB. 2012. Effects of environmental enrichment strategies on behavior and production performance of broiler breeder chickens reared at elevated temperatures. Master’s Theses, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
• Allen MJ, Sharma S. 2019. Physiology, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500031/ (07.04.2020).
• Altan Ö, Altan A, Çabuk M, Bayraktar H. 2000a. Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters in broilers. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 24:145‒148.
• Altan Ö, Altan A, Oğuz I, Pabuçcuoğlu A, Konyalıoğlu S. 2000b. Effects of heat stress on growth, some blood variables and lipid oxidation in broilers exposed to high temperature at an early age. British Poultry Science 41:489‒493.
• Altan Ö, Pabuçcuoğlu A, Altan A, Konyalıoğlu S, Bayraktar H. 2003. Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers. British Poultry Science 44(4):545‒550. doi: 10.1080/00071660310001618334
• Balog JM, Bayyari GR, Rath NC, Huff WF, Anthony NB. 1997. Effect of intermittent activity on broiler production parameters. Poultry Science 76:6‒12.
• Bayraktar H, Altan Ö, Açıkgöz Z, Baysal ŞH, Şeremet Ç. 2011. Effects of oxidised oil and vitamin E on performance and some blood traits of heat-stressed male broilers.
• South African Journal of Animal Science 41(3):288‒296. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v41i3.12
• Belge F, Çınar A, Selçuk M. 2003. Effects of stress produced by adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on lipid peroxidation and some antioxidants in vitamin C treated and nontreated chickens. South African Journal of Animal Science 33(3):201‒205. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v33i3.3774
• Bessei W. 2006. Welfare of broilers: A review. World’s Poultry Science Journal 62(3):455‒466. doi: 10.1017/S0043933906001085
• Davies KJA. 1995. Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochemical Society Symposium 61:1‒31. doi: 10.1042/bss0610001
• de Guia RM, Herzig S. 2015. How do glucocorticoids regulate lipid metabolism? In: Glucocorticoid Signaling, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 127‒144.
• Eid YZ, Ohtsuka A, Hayashi K. 2003. Tea polyphenols reduce glucocorticoid-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 44:127‒132. doi: 10.1080/0007166031000085427
• European Commission Report, 2000. The welfare of chickens kept for meat production (Broilers). Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted 21 March 2000.
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. 1999. Assays of SOD. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 117‒121.
• Hornsby PJ. 1989. Steroid and xenobiotic effects on the adrenal cortex: meditation by oxidative and other mechanisms. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 6:103‒115. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90163-9
• Ismail FSA, El-Gogary MR, El-Nadi MI. 2014. Influence of vitamin E supplementation and stocking density on performance, thyroid status, some blood parameters, immunity and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9:702‒712. doi: 10.3923/ajava.2014.702.712
• Jing Q, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Habiba U. 2017. Parameters of physiological responses and meat quality in poultry subjected to transport stress. Biological Systems 6, 1. doi: 10.4172/2329-6577.1000175
• Jones RB. 2002. Role of comparative psychology in the development of effective environmental enrichment strategies to improve poultry welfare. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 15:77‒106.
• Kang HK, Park SB, Kim SH, Kim CH. 2016. Effects of stocking density on the laying performance, blood parameter, corticosterone, litter quality, gas emission and bone mineral density of laying hens in floor pens. Poultry Science 95:2764‒2770. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew264
• Lin H, Decuypere E, Buyse J. 2004a. Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) 1. Chronic exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B B9:737‒744. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.013.
• Lin H, Decuypere E, Buyse J. 2004b. Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) 2. Short-term effect. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 139:745‒751. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.014
• Lin H, Decuypere E, Buyse J. 2006. Acute heat stress induces oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 144:11‒17. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.01.032
• Lv ZP, Peng YZ, Zhang BB, Fan H, Liu D, Gou YM. 2018. Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the chickens with dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102:e706‒e717. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12823
• Marmol F, Rodriguez CA, Sanchez J, Chamizo VD. 2015. Anti-oxidative effects produced by environmental enrichment in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of male and female rats. Brain Research 1613:120‒129. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.007
• Martrenchar A. 2001. Influence of environmental enrichment on injurious pecking and perching behaviour in young turkeys. British Poultry Science 42:161‒170. doi: 10.1080/00071660120048393
• Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, De Castro IN. 1999. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clinical Biochemistry 32:595‒603. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9120(99)00075-2
• Muhammad MS, Magaji RA, Mohammed A, Isa AS, Magaji MG. 2017. Effect of resveratrol and environmental enrichment on biomarkers of oxidative stress in young healthy mice. Metabolic Brain Disease 32:163‒170. doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9891-1
• Newberry RC. 1995. Environmental enrichment: increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44:229‒243. Doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00616-Z
• Newberry RC. 1999. Exploratory behaviour of young domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 63:311‒321. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00016-7
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. 1978. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry 95:351‒358. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
• Pereira B, Bechara EJH, Mendonça JR, Curi R. 1999. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles of rats treated with dexamethasone. Cell Biochemistry and Function 17:15‒19.
• Riber AB, van de Weerd HA, de Jong IC, Steenfeldt S. 2018. Review of environmental enrichment for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 97:378‒396. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex344
• Sahin K, Sahin N, Onderci M, Yaralıoglu S, Kucuk O. 2001. Protective role of supplemental vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, vitamins E, A and some mineral concentrations of broilers reared under heat stress. Veterinary Medicine-Czech 46(5):140‒144. doi: 10.17221/7870-VETMED
• Scanes CG. 2016. Biology of stress in poultry with emphasis on glucocorticoids and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Poultry Science 95:2208‒2215. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew137
• Selvam R, Saravanakumar M, Suresh S, Sureshbabu G, Sasikumar M, Prashanth D. 2017. Effect of vitamin E supplementation and high stocking density on the performance and stress parameters of broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19(4):587‒594. doi: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0417
• Şeremet Ç. 2007. Effects of chronic environmental stress on behaviours related with fear and stress physiology in broilers. MS thesis, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
• Şeremet Tuğalay Ç, Altan Ö, Bayraktar ÖH. 2019. Effect of environmental stress on performance, carcass yield and some blood parameters in broilers. Journal of Animal Production 60(2):111-116. doi: 10.29185/hayuretim.562994
• Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry 34:497‒500.
• Surai PF. 2016. Antioxidant systems in poultry biology: Superoxide dismutase. Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition 1(1):8. doi: 10.21767/2572-5459.100008
• Surai PF, Kochish II, Fisinin VI, Kidd MT. 2019. Antioxidant defence systems and oxidative stress in poultry biology: An update. Antioxidants 8:235. doi: 10.3390/antiox8070235
• Taniguchi N, Ohtsuka A, Hayashi K. 1999. Effect of dietary corticosterone and vitamin E on growth and oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Animal Science Journal 70(4):195‒200. doi: 10.2508/chikusan.70.195
• Tatlı Seven P, Yılmaz S, Seven I, Cercı IH, Azman MA, Yılmaz M. 2009. Effects of propolis on selected blood indicators and antioxidant enzyme activities in broilers under heat stress. Acta Veterinary Brno 78:75‒83. doi: 10.2754/avb200978010075
• Trout JM, Mashaly MM. 1994. The effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone and heat stress on the distribution of lymphocyte populations in immature male chickens. Poultry Science 73:1694‒1698. doi: 10.3382/ps.0731694
• Yang X, Zhuang J, Rao K, Li X, Zhao R. 2010. Effect of early feed restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism and expression of lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science 89:438‒444. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.003
• Zhao FQ, Zhang ZW, Qu JP, Yao HD, Li M, Li S, Xu SW. 2014. Cold stress induces antioxidants and Hsps in chicken immune organs. Cell Stress Chaperones 19:635‒648. doi: 10.1007/s12192-013-0489-9