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Usage and Effects of Linoleic and Oleic Types of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seeds in Ruminant Feeding

Year 2020, Volume: 61 Issue: 1, 55 - 62, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.572979

Abstract

In this review, the effects of linoleic and oleic types of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L .) seeds in animal feeding were evaluated. Safflower is an important agricultural product that has the potential to be used in alternative/complementary medicine, food and some industrial areas in terms of its seed oil contents and quality. In addition, due to the use of safflower in animal diet as herbage, silage, residues, seeds, by-product after harvest, it provides safflower the feature of an animal feed. In recent studies, it is noteworthy that researches have increased on the positive or negative effects of the feed fatty acids profile (oleic or linoleic acids, etc.) on the yield and body characteristics of animals and the results of these reflections on animal products and human health. The fat content of the safflower plant is generally in the range of 20-45% depending on the varieties and there are linoleic (omega-6) and oleic (omega-9) types depending on the predominance of the fatty acid types. Based on the studies, it has shown that feeding of full-fat safflower seeds can create changes in both milk and meat fatty acid profiles of animals and especially increased levels of unsaturated fatty acid types. In addition, it has been determined that feeding safflower seed with high oleic content increases the milk fat content and feeding safflower seed with high linoleic content increases the amount of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in animal products. Thus, it is considered that a positive improvement can be seen in the health of people who consume such products based on the results of the studies.

References

  • Alizadeh AR, Alikhani M, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Rashidi L, Loor JJ. 2012. Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL‐111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 96: 466-473.
  • Blair R. 2008. Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Poultry. CABI, Oxfordshire, Chapter 4, p:112-113.
  • Blair R. 2011. Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle. CABI, Oxfordshire, Chapter 4, p:141.
  • Bolte MR, Hess BW, Means WJ, Moss GE, Rule DC. 2002. Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differentially influences carcass fatty acid composition. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 609-616.
  • Bottger JD, Hess BW, Alexander BM, Hixon DL, Woodard LF, Funston RN. Hallford DM, Moss GE. 2002. Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 2023-2030.
  • Bouattour MA, Casals R, Albanell E, Such X, Caja G. 2007. Milk CLA and fatty acids profile in milk from lacaune ewes fed whole safflower grains. Special ıssue of the International Dairy Federation 0801/Part1, I-P014, p:35.
  • Chandrasekharaiah M, Sampath KT, Thulasi A, Anandan S. 2001. In situ protein degradability of certain feedstuffs in the rumen of cattle. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 71 (3): 261-264.
  • Çelebi Ş, Kaya A. 2008. Konjuge linoleik asitin biyolojik özellikleri ve hayvansal ürünlerde miktarını artırmaya yönelik bazı çalışmalar. Hayvansal Üretim, 49 (1): 62-68.
  • Dafoe JM, Kott RW, Sowell BF, Berardinelli JG, Davis KC, Hatfield PG. 2008. Effects of supplemental safflower and vitamin E during late gestation on lamb growth, serum metabolites, and thermogenesis. Journal of Animaal Science, 86: 3194-3202.
  • Dajue L, Mingde Z, Rao VR. 1993. Characterization data of the world collection of safflower (Safflower Table.xls). In: Characterization and Evaluation of Safflower Germplasm. Safflower Genetic Resources Homepage. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
  • Dajue L, Mündel HH. 1996. Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
  • Dschaak CM. 2009. Production performance and profiles of milk fatty acids of lactating dairy cows fed whole safflower seed containing high fat and low fiber. Master of Science Thesis. Utah State University, Utah, Paper 293.
  • Encinias HB, Lardy GP, Encinias AM, Bauer ML. 2004. High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: Effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and brown fat stores. Journal of Animal Science, 82:3654–3661.
  • FAO. 2012. Endogenous and exogenous feed toxins. http://www.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2019)
  • FAO. 2018. FAOSTAT. http://faostat3.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2019)
  • Batal A. and Dale N. 2016. feedstuffs Ingredient Analysis Table. Sanderson Farms, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. (http://feedstuffs.farmcentric.com)
  • Garg MR (1998) Role of bypass protein in feeding ruminants on crop residue based diet. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 11 (2): 107-116.
  • Gowda NKS, Ramana JV, Prasad CS, Khub S. 2004. Micronutrient content of certain tropical conventional and unconventional feed resources of Southern India. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36 (1): 77-94.
  • Göhl B. 1981. Tropichal Feeds: feed information summaries and nutritive values. FAO, Animal Production and Health Series, Roma, p:358-359.
  • Hristov AN, Kennington LR, McGuire MA, Hunt CW. 2005. Effect of diets containing linoleic acid- or oleic acid-rich oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 1312-1321.
  • Ingale S, Shrivastava SK. 2011. Chemical, nutritional and anti-nutritional study of new varieties of oil seeds from sunflower, safflower and groundnut. International Journal of Biotechnology Applications, 3 (4): 118-129.
  • İnanç N. 2006. Konjuge linoleik asit: obezitede etkileri. Derleme makale. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences) 15 (2): 137-141.
  • Jin QZ, Zou XQ, Shan L, Wang XG, Qiu AY. 2010. β-D-glucosidase-catalyzed deglucosidation of phenylpropanoid amides of 5-hydroxytryptamine glucoside in safflower seed extracts optimized by response surface methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (1): 155-160.
  • Joseph A, Dikshit M. 1993. Effect of irradiation on the proteinase inhibitor activity and digestibility (in vitro) of safflower oilcake. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 70 (9): 935-937.
  • Khanal RC, Olson KC. 2004. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk, meat, and egg: a review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 3 (2): 82-98.
  • Kohler GO, Kuzmicky DD, Palter R, Guggolz I, Herring VV. 1966. Safflower meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 43 (6): 413-415.
  • Kott RW, Hatfield PG, Bergman JW, Flynn CR, Van Wagoner H, Boles JA. 2003. Feedlot performance, carcass composition, and muscle and fat CLA concentrations of lambs fed diets supplemented with safflower seeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49 (1): 11-17.
  • Köknaroğlu H. 2007. Beslemenin Sığır Eti Konjuge Linoleik Asit Miktarına Etkisi. Araştırma Makalesi. Hayvansal Üretim, 48 (1): 1-7.
  • Lake SL, Weston TR, Scholljegerdes EJ, Murrieta CM, Alexander BM, Rule DC, Moss GE, Hess BW. 2007. Effects of postpartum dietary fat and body condition score at parturition on plasma, adipose tissue, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 85: 717-730.
  • Lammoglia MA, Bellows RA, Grings EE, Bergman JW, Bellows SE, Short RE, Hallford DM, Randel RD. 2000. Effects of dietary fat and sire breed on puberty, weight, and reproductive traits of F1 beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 78: 2244-2252.
  • Lardy G, Anderson V. 2009. Alternative feeds for ruminants. General concepts and recommendations for using alternative feeds. North Dakota State University Extension Service, Fargo, North Dakota.
  • Mündel HH, Blackshaw RE, Byers JR, Huang HC, Johnson DL, Keon R, Kubik J, McKenzie R, Otto B, Roth B, Stanford K. 2004. Safflower production on the Canadian prairies. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta.
  • Oelke EA, Oplinger ES, Teynor TM, Putnam DH, Doll JD, Kelling KA, Durgan BR, Noetzel DM. 1992. Safflower. Alternative Field Crops Manual, University of Wisconsin-Exension, Cooperative Extension.
  • Oğuz MN, Oğuz FK, Büyükoğlu TU. 2014. Effect of different concentrations of dietary safflower seed on milk yield and some rumen and blood parameters at the end stage of lactation in dairy cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 43 (4): 207-211.
  • Oyen LPA, Umali BE. 2007. Carthamus tinctorius L. In: Vegetable Oils. Eds: Van Der Vossen HAM and Mkamilo GS. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA), Wageningen, p:51-52.
  • Pinto F, Dario C, Selvaggi M, Vicenti A. 2011. Effects of safflower cake dietary supplementation on growth performances, carcass traits and meat quality of garganica kids. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5 (6): 880-882.
  • Salunkhe DK, Chavan JK, Adsule RN, Kadam SS. 1991. World Oilseeds - Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. An AVI Book - Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Chapter 9, p:348-349.
  • Scholljegerdes EJ, Hess BW, Grant MHJ, Lake SL, Alexander BM, Weston TR, Hixon DL, Van Kirk EA, Moss GE. 2009. Effects of feeding high-linoleate safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction in beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 87: 2985-2995.
  • Schroeder JW. 2012. By-products and regionally available alternative feedstuffs for dairy cattle. North Dakota State University, Extension Service (AS-1180).Smith JR. 1996. Safflower. The American Oil Chemists Society Press, p:279-285.
  • Soren NM, Rao SBN, Jash S, Prasad CS. 2013. Value addition of feed and fodder for dairy cattle. National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore. p:23.Stock R, Mader TL, Klopfenstein T. 1984. G 84-694 new protein values for ingredients used in growing cattle rations. Historical Materials from University of Nebraska - Lincoln Extension, Lincoln. Paper 297.
  • Sudhamayee KG, Swathi B, Reddy JM, Reddy KJ. 2004. Effect of different protein supplements on nutrient utilization in sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 21 (1): 34-35.
  • T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. 2018. Geçit Kuşağı TAEM ve Trakya TAEM. http://www.gktaem.gov.tr; http://www.ttae.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019)Tufarelli V, Vicenti A, Ragni M, Pinto F, Selvaggi M. 2013. Feeding of safflower (carthamus tintorius) cake in small ruminant total mixed rations: effects on growth traits and meat fatty acid composition. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 3 (2): 243-247.
  • TÜİK. 2018. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Nisan 2019)
  • Uysal N, Baydar H, Erbaş S. 2006. Isparta populasyonundan geliştirilen aspir (carthamus tinctorius l.) hatlarının tarımsal ve teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (1): 52-63, 2006.
  • Walker J. 2006. Oilseed crops in beef cattle rations. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Extra ExEx2058.
  • Waller JC. 2010. Byproducts & Unusual Feedstuffs. University of Tennessee. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/46583885/byproducts-unusual-feedstuffs (Erişim Tarihi: 05 Mayıs 2019)

Oleik ve Linoleik Tip Aspir Tohumlarının (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Ruminant Beslemede Kullanımı ve Etkileri

Year 2020, Volume: 61 Issue: 1, 55 - 62, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.572979

Abstract

Bu derlemede oleik ve linoleik tip aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) tohumlarının ruminant beslemedeki kullanımı ve etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Aspir bitkisi, tohumundaki yağ içeriği ve kalitesi yönüyle alternatif-tamamlayıcı tıpta, gıda ve kimi endüstride kullanım potansiyeline sahip önemli bir tarım ürünüdür. Ayrıca, yeşil ot, silajı ve samanı olarak, olgunlaşma sonrası elde edilen tohumları ve tohum yan ürünlerinin hayvan beslemede kullanım alanı bulması aspire bir yem bitkisi olma özelliği de kazandırmaktadır. Son dönem çalışmalarında yem yağ asitleri profilinin, hayvanların verim ve vücut özellikleri ile hayvansal ürün ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumlu veya olumsuz yansımalarına dair araştırmaların artmış olması dikkat çekicidir. Aspir bitkisinin yağ oranı varyetelerine göre genel olarak %20-45 aralığında değişebilmektedir ve içeriklerindeki yağ asidi tipi baskınlığına bağlı olarak oleik (omega-9) ve linoleik (omega-6) tipleri vardır. Yapılan çalışmalar, tam yağlı aspir tohumu ile beslemenin hayvanların hem süt hem de et yağ asidi profillerinde değişim oluşturabildiğini ve özellikle doymamış yağ asidi tiplerinin artış gösterdiği, ayrıca oleik tip aspir tohumu içeriği yüksek rasyonla beslemenin süt yağı oranını, linoleik tip aspir tohumu içeriği yüksek rasyonla beslemenin ise hayvansal ürünlerde konjuge linoleik asit oranını artırdığı da belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar neticesinde bu tür ürünleri tüketen insanların sağlıklarında olumlu gelişmelerin görülebileceği değerlendirilmektedir. 

References

  • Alizadeh AR, Alikhani M, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Rashidi L, Loor JJ. 2012. Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL‐111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 96: 466-473.
  • Blair R. 2008. Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Poultry. CABI, Oxfordshire, Chapter 4, p:112-113.
  • Blair R. 2011. Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle. CABI, Oxfordshire, Chapter 4, p:141.
  • Bolte MR, Hess BW, Means WJ, Moss GE, Rule DC. 2002. Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differentially influences carcass fatty acid composition. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 609-616.
  • Bottger JD, Hess BW, Alexander BM, Hixon DL, Woodard LF, Funston RN. Hallford DM, Moss GE. 2002. Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 2023-2030.
  • Bouattour MA, Casals R, Albanell E, Such X, Caja G. 2007. Milk CLA and fatty acids profile in milk from lacaune ewes fed whole safflower grains. Special ıssue of the International Dairy Federation 0801/Part1, I-P014, p:35.
  • Chandrasekharaiah M, Sampath KT, Thulasi A, Anandan S. 2001. In situ protein degradability of certain feedstuffs in the rumen of cattle. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 71 (3): 261-264.
  • Çelebi Ş, Kaya A. 2008. Konjuge linoleik asitin biyolojik özellikleri ve hayvansal ürünlerde miktarını artırmaya yönelik bazı çalışmalar. Hayvansal Üretim, 49 (1): 62-68.
  • Dafoe JM, Kott RW, Sowell BF, Berardinelli JG, Davis KC, Hatfield PG. 2008. Effects of supplemental safflower and vitamin E during late gestation on lamb growth, serum metabolites, and thermogenesis. Journal of Animaal Science, 86: 3194-3202.
  • Dajue L, Mingde Z, Rao VR. 1993. Characterization data of the world collection of safflower (Safflower Table.xls). In: Characterization and Evaluation of Safflower Germplasm. Safflower Genetic Resources Homepage. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
  • Dajue L, Mündel HH. 1996. Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
  • Dschaak CM. 2009. Production performance and profiles of milk fatty acids of lactating dairy cows fed whole safflower seed containing high fat and low fiber. Master of Science Thesis. Utah State University, Utah, Paper 293.
  • Encinias HB, Lardy GP, Encinias AM, Bauer ML. 2004. High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: Effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and brown fat stores. Journal of Animal Science, 82:3654–3661.
  • FAO. 2012. Endogenous and exogenous feed toxins. http://www.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2019)
  • FAO. 2018. FAOSTAT. http://faostat3.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2019)
  • Batal A. and Dale N. 2016. feedstuffs Ingredient Analysis Table. Sanderson Farms, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. (http://feedstuffs.farmcentric.com)
  • Garg MR (1998) Role of bypass protein in feeding ruminants on crop residue based diet. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 11 (2): 107-116.
  • Gowda NKS, Ramana JV, Prasad CS, Khub S. 2004. Micronutrient content of certain tropical conventional and unconventional feed resources of Southern India. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36 (1): 77-94.
  • Göhl B. 1981. Tropichal Feeds: feed information summaries and nutritive values. FAO, Animal Production and Health Series, Roma, p:358-359.
  • Hristov AN, Kennington LR, McGuire MA, Hunt CW. 2005. Effect of diets containing linoleic acid- or oleic acid-rich oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 1312-1321.
  • Ingale S, Shrivastava SK. 2011. Chemical, nutritional and anti-nutritional study of new varieties of oil seeds from sunflower, safflower and groundnut. International Journal of Biotechnology Applications, 3 (4): 118-129.
  • İnanç N. 2006. Konjuge linoleik asit: obezitede etkileri. Derleme makale. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences) 15 (2): 137-141.
  • Jin QZ, Zou XQ, Shan L, Wang XG, Qiu AY. 2010. β-D-glucosidase-catalyzed deglucosidation of phenylpropanoid amides of 5-hydroxytryptamine glucoside in safflower seed extracts optimized by response surface methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (1): 155-160.
  • Joseph A, Dikshit M. 1993. Effect of irradiation on the proteinase inhibitor activity and digestibility (in vitro) of safflower oilcake. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 70 (9): 935-937.
  • Khanal RC, Olson KC. 2004. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk, meat, and egg: a review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 3 (2): 82-98.
  • Kohler GO, Kuzmicky DD, Palter R, Guggolz I, Herring VV. 1966. Safflower meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 43 (6): 413-415.
  • Kott RW, Hatfield PG, Bergman JW, Flynn CR, Van Wagoner H, Boles JA. 2003. Feedlot performance, carcass composition, and muscle and fat CLA concentrations of lambs fed diets supplemented with safflower seeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49 (1): 11-17.
  • Köknaroğlu H. 2007. Beslemenin Sığır Eti Konjuge Linoleik Asit Miktarına Etkisi. Araştırma Makalesi. Hayvansal Üretim, 48 (1): 1-7.
  • Lake SL, Weston TR, Scholljegerdes EJ, Murrieta CM, Alexander BM, Rule DC, Moss GE, Hess BW. 2007. Effects of postpartum dietary fat and body condition score at parturition on plasma, adipose tissue, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 85: 717-730.
  • Lammoglia MA, Bellows RA, Grings EE, Bergman JW, Bellows SE, Short RE, Hallford DM, Randel RD. 2000. Effects of dietary fat and sire breed on puberty, weight, and reproductive traits of F1 beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 78: 2244-2252.
  • Lardy G, Anderson V. 2009. Alternative feeds for ruminants. General concepts and recommendations for using alternative feeds. North Dakota State University Extension Service, Fargo, North Dakota.
  • Mündel HH, Blackshaw RE, Byers JR, Huang HC, Johnson DL, Keon R, Kubik J, McKenzie R, Otto B, Roth B, Stanford K. 2004. Safflower production on the Canadian prairies. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta.
  • Oelke EA, Oplinger ES, Teynor TM, Putnam DH, Doll JD, Kelling KA, Durgan BR, Noetzel DM. 1992. Safflower. Alternative Field Crops Manual, University of Wisconsin-Exension, Cooperative Extension.
  • Oğuz MN, Oğuz FK, Büyükoğlu TU. 2014. Effect of different concentrations of dietary safflower seed on milk yield and some rumen and blood parameters at the end stage of lactation in dairy cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 43 (4): 207-211.
  • Oyen LPA, Umali BE. 2007. Carthamus tinctorius L. In: Vegetable Oils. Eds: Van Der Vossen HAM and Mkamilo GS. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA), Wageningen, p:51-52.
  • Pinto F, Dario C, Selvaggi M, Vicenti A. 2011. Effects of safflower cake dietary supplementation on growth performances, carcass traits and meat quality of garganica kids. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5 (6): 880-882.
  • Salunkhe DK, Chavan JK, Adsule RN, Kadam SS. 1991. World Oilseeds - Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. An AVI Book - Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Chapter 9, p:348-349.
  • Scholljegerdes EJ, Hess BW, Grant MHJ, Lake SL, Alexander BM, Weston TR, Hixon DL, Van Kirk EA, Moss GE. 2009. Effects of feeding high-linoleate safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction in beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 87: 2985-2995.
  • Schroeder JW. 2012. By-products and regionally available alternative feedstuffs for dairy cattle. North Dakota State University, Extension Service (AS-1180).Smith JR. 1996. Safflower. The American Oil Chemists Society Press, p:279-285.
  • Soren NM, Rao SBN, Jash S, Prasad CS. 2013. Value addition of feed and fodder for dairy cattle. National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore. p:23.Stock R, Mader TL, Klopfenstein T. 1984. G 84-694 new protein values for ingredients used in growing cattle rations. Historical Materials from University of Nebraska - Lincoln Extension, Lincoln. Paper 297.
  • Sudhamayee KG, Swathi B, Reddy JM, Reddy KJ. 2004. Effect of different protein supplements on nutrient utilization in sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 21 (1): 34-35.
  • T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. 2018. Geçit Kuşağı TAEM ve Trakya TAEM. http://www.gktaem.gov.tr; http://www.ttae.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019)Tufarelli V, Vicenti A, Ragni M, Pinto F, Selvaggi M. 2013. Feeding of safflower (carthamus tintorius) cake in small ruminant total mixed rations: effects on growth traits and meat fatty acid composition. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 3 (2): 243-247.
  • TÜİK. 2018. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Nisan 2019)
  • Uysal N, Baydar H, Erbaş S. 2006. Isparta populasyonundan geliştirilen aspir (carthamus tinctorius l.) hatlarının tarımsal ve teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (1): 52-63, 2006.
  • Walker J. 2006. Oilseed crops in beef cattle rations. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Extra ExEx2058.
  • Waller JC. 2010. Byproducts & Unusual Feedstuffs. University of Tennessee. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/46583885/byproducts-unusual-feedstuffs (Erişim Tarihi: 05 Mayıs 2019)
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Mehmet Demirci 0000-0002-0199-4559

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date June 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 61 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demirci, M. (2020). Oleik ve Linoleik Tip Aspir Tohumlarının (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Ruminant Beslemede Kullanımı ve Etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 61(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.572979


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