Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma, Omaha Sistem Sınıflandırma Şeması kullanılarak bir lisede çevresel güvenlikle ilişkili risk örüntülerini, son sınıf hemşirelik öğrencileri ve öğretmenlerin bakış açısıyla belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel tanımlayıcı çalışma, Ocak–Haziran 2025 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde bulunan bir devlet Anadolu lisesinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, veri toplama sürecinde ilde aktif olarak görev yapan tek okul hemşiresinin bu kurumda bulunması nedeniyle söz konusu okulda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kurum içinde tam sayım yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Analitik örneklem 13 öğretmen ve 68 son sınıf hemşirelik öğrencisinden oluşan toplam 81 katılımcıyı kapsamaktadır. Veriler, Omaha Sisteminin Problem Sınıflandırma Şeması (PCS) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çevresel güvenlikle ilişkili sorunlar Çevre alanı kapsamında sınıflandırılmıştır. Alt gruplar arasındaki sayı dengesizliği ve ki-kare varsayımlarının sağlanamaması nedeniyle analizler tanımlayıcı istatistiklerle sınırlandırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Sanitasyon yetersizlikleri, enfeksiyöz kontaminant varlığı, ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerindeki eksiklikler, güvensiz fiziksel yapılar, aşırı kalabalık alanlar, trafik riskleri ve çevresel güvenlik tehditleri en sık tanımlanan risk alanları olmuştur. Bulgular, aynı kurumsal ortamda çevresel güvenlik risklerinin çok boyutlu ve yapısal nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Omaha Sisteminin Problem Sınıflandırma Şeması kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen değerlendirme, okul temelli çevresel güvenlik risklerinin standartlaştırılmış biçimde belgelenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Yapılandırılmış sınıflandırma çerçevelerinin okul sağlığı uygulamalarına entegrasyonu, kurumsal düzeyde çevresel risk izleme ve planlamayı güçlendirebilir. Farklı okul türlerini kapsayan çok merkezli çalışmalar, bu yaklaşımın daha geniş bağlamlarda uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmek açısından gereklidir.
References
- American Nurses Association. (2012). Recognized terminologies and data element sets. Washington, DC: ANA.
- Atak, M., Önal, A. E., Şimşek, Z., & İşsever, H. (2023). Health risks management program in schools: An operational study in Türkiye. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043718
- Bou-Karroum, L., El-Jardali, F., Jabbour, M., Harb, A., Fadlallah, R., Hemadi, N., & Al-Hajj, S. (2022). Preventing unintentional injuries in school-aged children: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 6), e2021053852J. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053852J
- Boztuğ, G., & Akyol, M. (2017). İlkokullarda yönetici ve öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul güvenliği (Aydın ili Efeler ilçesi örneği). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1), 74-95.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). School health and safety assessment tools. Atlanta, GA: CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-schools/about/index.html
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Erdogan, S., & Esin, N. M. (2006). The Turkish version of the Omaha System: Its use in practice-based family nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 26(5), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2005.11.009
- Erdogan, S., Secginli, S., Cosansu, G., Nahcivan, N. O., Esin, M. N., Aktas, E., & Monsen, K. A. (2013). Using the Omaha System to describe health problems, interventions, and outcomes in home care in Istanbul, Turkey: a student informatics research experience. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 31(6), 290– 298. https://doi.org/10.1097/NXN.0b013e318282eala
- Hawkins, G. T., Chung, C. S., Hertz, M. F., & Antolin, N. (2023). The school environment and physical and social-emotional well-being: Implications for students and school employees. Journal of School Health, 93, 799–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13375
- Ilgaz A. (2022). Effect of health screening and School Nurse Interventions on primary school students' knowledge, behavior, and status in Turkey: A quasi-experimental Omaha System study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, e115–e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.08.014
- Jenkins, M., Amoaful, E. F., Abdulai, M., Quartey, V., Ofosu-Apea, P., Aballo, J., Demuyakor, M. E., Jefferds, M. E. D., Aburto, N. J., Ramakrishnan, U., Martorell, R., & Addo, O. Y. (2025). The school food environment in Ghana is associated with dietary diversity and anemia: Findings from the 2022 national nutrition and health survey of in-school adolescents. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 46(2-3), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721251348343
- Kolac, N., Özdemir, S., & Ornek, O.K. (2026). Identifying and addressing health problems of school children through the Omaha System: a nurse-led intervention study in suburban Istanbul. BMC Nurs, 25(1), 203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-04500-7
- Martin, K. S. (2005). The Omaha System: A key to practice, documentation, and information management (2nded.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
- Martin, K. S., Monsen, K. A., & Bowles, K. H. (2011). The Omaha system and meaningful use: applications for practice, education, and research. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 29(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181f9ddc6
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye. (2008). School health services directive. Ankara, Türkiye: Ministry of Health.Ministry of National Education (MoNE). (2011). School health protection and improvement program. Ankara,
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine environmental safety-related risk patterns in a high school from the perspective of final-year nursing students and teachers by using the Omaha System Classification Scheme.
Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between January and June 2025 in one public Anatolian high school located in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye. The school was selected due to the presence of the only actively practicing school nurse in the province during the study period. A total population sampling approach was used within the institution. The analytical sample consisted of 81 participants (13 teachers and 68 final-year nursing students). Data were collected using the Problem Classification Scheme (PCS) of the Omaha System. Environmental safety-related problems were identified and classified within the Environmental domain. Due to subgroup size imbalance and unmet assumptions for inferential testing, analyses were limited to descriptive statistics.
Results: Sanitation deficiencies, presence of infectious contaminants, inadequate heating and cooling systems, unsafe physical structures, overcrowded spaces, traffic-related hazards, and environmental safety threats were among the most frequently identified risk areas. The findings indicate that environmental safety risks within the same institutional setting are multidimensional and structurally embedded.
Conclusion: The use of the Omaha System Problem Classification Scheme enabled standardized documentation of school-based environmental safety risks. Integrating structured classification frameworks into school health practice may strengthen institutional environmental risk surveillance and planning. Multi-center studies across diverse school settings are recommended to examine the broader applicability of this approach.
Ethical Statement
I declare that I have complied with scientific and ethical principles in conducting and writing this study and that I have duly cited all the sources used. Bartın University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee, Decision Date: 08.01.2025, Decision Number: 2024-SBB1027.
References
- American Nurses Association. (2012). Recognized terminologies and data element sets. Washington, DC: ANA.
- Atak, M., Önal, A. E., Şimşek, Z., & İşsever, H. (2023). Health risks management program in schools: An operational study in Türkiye. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043718
- Bou-Karroum, L., El-Jardali, F., Jabbour, M., Harb, A., Fadlallah, R., Hemadi, N., & Al-Hajj, S. (2022). Preventing unintentional injuries in school-aged children: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 6), e2021053852J. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053852J
- Boztuğ, G., & Akyol, M. (2017). İlkokullarda yönetici ve öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul güvenliği (Aydın ili Efeler ilçesi örneği). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1), 74-95.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). School health and safety assessment tools. Atlanta, GA: CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-schools/about/index.html
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Erdogan, S., & Esin, N. M. (2006). The Turkish version of the Omaha System: Its use in practice-based family nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 26(5), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2005.11.009
- Erdogan, S., Secginli, S., Cosansu, G., Nahcivan, N. O., Esin, M. N., Aktas, E., & Monsen, K. A. (2013). Using the Omaha System to describe health problems, interventions, and outcomes in home care in Istanbul, Turkey: a student informatics research experience. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 31(6), 290– 298. https://doi.org/10.1097/NXN.0b013e318282eala
- Hawkins, G. T., Chung, C. S., Hertz, M. F., & Antolin, N. (2023). The school environment and physical and social-emotional well-being: Implications for students and school employees. Journal of School Health, 93, 799–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13375
- Ilgaz A. (2022). Effect of health screening and School Nurse Interventions on primary school students' knowledge, behavior, and status in Turkey: A quasi-experimental Omaha System study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, e115–e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.08.014
- Jenkins, M., Amoaful, E. F., Abdulai, M., Quartey, V., Ofosu-Apea, P., Aballo, J., Demuyakor, M. E., Jefferds, M. E. D., Aburto, N. J., Ramakrishnan, U., Martorell, R., & Addo, O. Y. (2025). The school food environment in Ghana is associated with dietary diversity and anemia: Findings from the 2022 national nutrition and health survey of in-school adolescents. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 46(2-3), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721251348343
- Kolac, N., Özdemir, S., & Ornek, O.K. (2026). Identifying and addressing health problems of school children through the Omaha System: a nurse-led intervention study in suburban Istanbul. BMC Nurs, 25(1), 203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-04500-7
- Martin, K. S. (2005). The Omaha System: A key to practice, documentation, and information management (2nded.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
- Martin, K. S., Monsen, K. A., & Bowles, K. H. (2011). The Omaha system and meaningful use: applications for practice, education, and research. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 29(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181f9ddc6
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye. (2008). School health services directive. Ankara, Türkiye: Ministry of Health.Ministry of National Education (MoNE). (2011). School health protection and improvement program. Ankara,
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Public Health Nursing |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | September 11, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | April 4, 2026 |
| Publication Date | April 28, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.69487/hemarge.1782227 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA32NC22RS |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 28 Issue: 1 |