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The Psychology of Arrogance

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 51, 107 - 128, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1311437

Öz

There are two major aspects of the definitions of arrogance. Firstly, arrogance is defined as primitive and baseless pride. Secondly, it is defined as having the feeling of being superior to other people. Arrogance is associated with pride and conceit on the one hand, and contempt, disdain and humiliation on the other. There is a rich literature in both Western and Eastern theology and philosophy about concepts related to arrogance, such as grandiosity, pride and humility. In psychology, arrogance is often discussed in relation to narcissism, which is of particular interest to psychoanalysts. But arrogance as a personality trait or attitude remains largely ignored and understudied. The reason for this intellectual laziness may be the ambiguity of the attitudes and behaviours that should be examined in relation to arrogance.
Arrogance can be an underlying factor in problems in many areas, including bilateral, family, and group relations and even in international relations. There is relatively little research on arrogance, which has such an impact. Among the issues that need to be researched are how arrogance manifests itself in individuals, societies and human relations; which aspects of it are prevalent among people; and under what circumstances it emerges. Arrogance is also an important phenomenon to be studied in psychopathology and social interactions for theoretical and practical reasons. This is because everyone may have arrogant characteristics to some extent and may sometimes exhibit arrogant attitudes and behaviours. Therefore, cognitive or motivational bias that leads to arrogant attitudes need to be better understood. Important contributions can be made to research on this topic by increasing the number and quality of interdisciplinary research on arrogance, besides bringing together and discussing information and problems.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 uses a descriptive approach in defining mental and behavioural disorders. This approach explains how behavioural disorders in individuals are perceived in society and what their reflections in social life are. This study investigates arrogance from a psychological perspective and descriptively analyses the individual and cultural reflections of it. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual and theoretical perspective by examining the literature on arrogance in psychology. With this aim in mind, document analysis, one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the study. The study discusses the meaning of arrogance in Islamic literature, along with its manifestations and psychoanalytic/psychological aspects. First, the concept of arrogance was defined in the fields of religion and psychology. Then, arrogance, which is one of the important indicators of narcissistic personality disorder, is analysed based on the psychoanalytic theory. Various definitions and explanations of arrogance are presented by referring to various researchers ranging from Freud to the recent psychoanalytic theorists. The behavioural and intellectual aspects of arrogance were examined based on its manifestations. Accordingly, different manifestations of arrogance were analysed under four headings. Psychological factors that are effective in the emergence of individual arrogance are discussed. Accordingly, the main manifestations of arrogance are having distorted knowledge and abilities, overconfidence in oneself, ignoring other people and the belief of being superior to them, along with the tendency of humiliating and belittling them.
After examining arrogance from a psychological perspective, this concept is discussed with respect to social and cultural context, along with approaches to arrogance and humility in cultural structures. In Türkiye, the concept of arrogance has mostly been analysed from a Sufi perspective. In studies conducted in the West, arrogance is contextually addressed together with the concept of narcissism. In addition, the present study concludes that arrogant behaviours are more common among leading individuals in the world of art, politics and business, and that Asian societies are more humble than Western societies.

Kaynakça

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  • Baselice, Kathryn Ann - Thomson, J. Anderson. “An Evolutionary Hypothesis on Arrogance”. Arrogance: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Shah Dhwani. 26. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Beauvoir, Simone De. The Second Sex. çev. Constance Borde - Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage, 1st edition., 2011.
  • Bion, R. “On arrogance”. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (1958), 144-146.
  • Bursten, Ben. “Some Narcissistic Personality Types”. Essential Papers on Narcissism. ed. Andrew P. Morrison. New York University Press, 1986.
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  • Cowan, Nelson. “The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity”. The Behavioral and brain sciences 24 (2001), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922
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  • Dhwani, Shah. “Arrogance in Countertransference”. Arrogance: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Salman Akhtar. London: Routledge, 2018.
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Kibrin Psikolojisi

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 51, 107 - 128, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1311437

Öz

Kibir kavramıyla ilgili yapılan tanımlarda iki nokta öne çıkmaktadır. Buna göre ilk olarak kibir basit ve temelsiz gurur, ikinci olarak diğer insanlardan üstün olma hissi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Kibir, bir taraftan gurur ve kendini beğenmişlik ile diğer taraftan küçümseme, hor görme ve aşağılama ile ilişkilidir. Hem Batı hem de Doğu teolojisi ve felsefesinde büyüklenme, gurur ve alçak gönüllülük gibi kibirle ilgili kavramlar üzerine zengin bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Psikoloji alanında ise kibir, özellikle psikanalistlerin ilgilendiği narsisizm ile ilişkili olarak tartışılmıştır. Ancak bir kişilik özelliği veya bir tutum olarak kibir, büyük ölçüde göz ardı edilmiş ve yeterince çalışılmamıştır. Bu entelektüel tembelliğin nedeni, kibir başlığı altında incelenmesi gereken tutum ve davranışların belirsizliğinden kaynaklanmış olabilir.
Kibir; ikili ilişkiler, aile ilişkileri, grup ilişkileri ve hatta uluslararası ilişkiler de dâhil olmak üzere pek çok alandaki sorunların altında yatan bir faktör olabilir. Böylesi bir etkiye sahip olan kibir üzerine nispeten az sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Kibrin; bireylerde, toplumlarda ve insan ilişkilerinde nasıl tezahür ettiği, hangi yönlerinin insanlar arasında yaygın olduğu ve hangi duruma bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığı, araştırılması gereken konular arasındadır. Yine kibir; psikopatolojide ve sosyal etkileşimde, teorik ve pratik nedenlerle çalışılması gereken önemli bir olgudur. Çünkü herkes bir ölçüde kibirli özelliklere sahip olabilir ve belirli durumlarda kibirli tutum ve davranışlar sergileyebilir. Dolayısıyla kibirli tutumların ortaya çıkmasına neden olan bilişsel ve motivasyonel önyargıların daha iyi anlaşılması gerekmektedir. Kibir konusunda disiplinler arası araştırmaların sayısını ve niteliğini artıracak, bilgi ve sorunların bir araya getirilerek tartışılması, alandaki araştırmalara önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.
DSM-V, zihinsel ve davranışsal bozuklukları tanımlarken betimleyici bir yaklaşım kullanır. Bu yaklaşım, bireydeki davranış bozukluklarının toplumda nasıl algılandığını ve sosyal yaşamdaki yansımalarını açıklar. Kibrin psikolojik analizinin yapıldığı bu çalışmada da kibrin bireysel ve kültürel yansımaları betimsel olarak analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı, psikoloji alanında kibirle ilgili literatürü inceleyerek kavramsal ve kuramsal bir bakış açısı geliştirmektir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada; kibrin İslami literatürdeki anlamı, tezahürleri, psikanalitik ve psikolojik açıdan kibir ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak kibir kavramının din ve psikoloji alanlarındaki tanımı yapılmıştır. Daha sonra narsistik kişilik bozukluğunun önemli göstergelerinden biri olan kibir, psikanalitik kuram çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Freud'dan başlayarak son dönem psikanalitik kuramcılara kadar kibir kavramına ilişkin tanım ve açıklamalar ortaya konulmuştur. Kibrin davranışsal ve düşünsel yansımaları, kibrin tezahürleri başlığında incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede kibrin dört farklı tezahürü ayrı başlıklar altında analiz edilmiştir. Bireysel olarak kibrin ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan psikolojik faktörler ele alınmıştır. Buna göre, çarpıtılmış bilgi ve yeteneklere sahip olma, kendine aşırı güvenme, diğer insanları görmezden gelme ve onlardan üstün olma inancı ve onları aşağılama, küçümseme inancı kibrin başlıca tezahürleridir.
Kibir, psikolojik bağlamda incelendikten sonra sosyal ve kültürel bağlamda ele alınmış ve kültürel yapılarda kibir ve tevazuya ilişkin yaklaşımlar tartışılmıştır. Ülkemizde kibir kavramı daha çok tasavvufi çerçevede incelenmiştir. Batı'da yapılan çalışmalarda ise kibir kavramı, bağlamsal olarak narsisizm kavramı ile birlikte ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca sanat, siyaset ve iş dünyasında öne çıkan bireylerde kibirli davranışların daha yaygın olduğu, Asya toplumlarının Batı toplumlarına göre daha alçak gönüllü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akhtar, Salman. “The Realm of Arrogance”. Arrogance: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Salman Akhtar. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Baselice, Kathryn Ann - Thomson, J. Anderson. “An Evolutionary Hypothesis on Arrogance”. Arrogance: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Shah Dhwani. 26. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Beauvoir, Simone De. The Second Sex. çev. Constance Borde - Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage, 1st edition., 2011.
  • Bion, R. “On arrogance”. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (1958), 144-146.
  • Bursten, Ben. “Some Narcissistic Personality Types”. Essential Papers on Narcissism. ed. Andrew P. Morrison. New York University Press, 1986.
  • Carey, Angela L. vd. “Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109/3 (2015), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000029
  • Cowan, Nelson vd. “Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research”. Review of General Psychology 23/4 (2019), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019877138
  • Cowan, Nelson. “The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity”. The Behavioral and brain sciences 24 (2001), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922
  • Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Kibir”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 25/562. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2002.
  • Davies, Merryl Wyn vd. Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism. London: Pluto Press, 1993.
  • Demir, Türkay. “Kibr-I Kebir: Kibarca Kabre İlerleyelim, Boşluk Kalmasın”. T24. Erişim 09 Nisan 2023. https://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/turkay-demir/kibr-i-kebir-kibarca-kabre-ilerleyelim-bosluk-kalmasin,17572
  • Dhwani, Shah. “Arrogance in Countertransference”. Arrogance: Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Salman Akhtar. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Dictionary Cambridge. “Arrogance”. 29 Mart 2023. Erişim 01 Nisan 2023. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/arrogance
  • Dunn, Dana S. vd. Psikoloji ve Çağdaş Yaşam İnsan Uyumu. çev. Kolektif. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Emet Gürel - Canan Muter, “Psikomitolojik Terimler: Psikoloji Literatüründe Mitolojinin Kullanılması”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7/1 (2007),
  • Fenichel, Otto. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York, US: W. W. Norton & Co., 1945.
  • Fischer, Gregory W. “Scoring-Rule Feedback and the Overconfidence Syndrome in Subjective Probability Forecasting”. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 29/3 (1982), 352-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(82)90250-1
  • Flanagan, J. R. - Beltzner, M. A. “Independence of Perceptual and Sensorimotor Predictions in the Size-Weight Illusion”. Nature Neuroscience 3/7 (2000), 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1038/76701
  • Freud, Sigmund. Musa ve Tektanrılı Dini. çev. Oya Kasap. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2012.
  • Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Güngör, Muhammed. “Hıristiyanlıkta Yedi Ölümcül Günah”. Dini Araştırmalar 17/45 (2014), 36-59. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.76332
  • Heine, Steven J. vd. “Is There a Universal Need for Positive Self-Regard?” Psychological Review 106/4 (1999), 766-794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
  • Hitchens, Christopher. God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. New York Boston: Twelve, 2009.
  • Horney, Karen. “Read - Maturity and the Individual”. American Journal of Psychonalysis 7/1 (1947), 85-87.
  • Hotchkiss, Sandy. Why Is It Always About You? : The Seven Deadly Sins of Narcissism. Free Press, 38025th edition., 2003.
  • Johnson, Dominic D. P. Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12rcg
  • Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Kibir”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 25/562. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2002.
  • Çoklar, Işıl. Kişilik Özellikleri̇ İle Bağışlama Eğilimi̇ Arasındaki̇ İlişkinin İntikam Güdüsü Ve Adalete Duyarlılık Temelinde İncelenmesi̇. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2014.
  • Güngör, Muhammed. “Hıristiyanlıkta Yedi Ölümcül Günah”. Dini Araştırmalar 17/45 (2014), 36-59. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.76332
  • Gürel, Emet - Muter, Canan. “Psikomitolojik Terimler: Psikoloji Literatüründe Mitolojinin Kullanılması”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1 (2007), 537-570.
  • Johnson, Russell E. vd. “Acting Superior but Actually Inferior?: Correlates and Consequences of Workplace Arrogance”. Human Performance 23/5 (2010), 403-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2010.515279
  • Milyavsky, Maxim vd. “Evidence for Arrogance: On the Relative Importance of Expertise, Outcome, and Manner”. PLoS ONE 12/7 (2017), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180420
  • Şimşek, Hasan - Yıldırım, Ali. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • Johnson, Russell E. vd. “Acting Superior but Actually Inferior?: Correlates and Consequences of Workplace Arrogance”. Human Performance 23/5 (2010), 403-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2010.515279
  • Judge, Timothy A. vd. The Leadership Quarterly Yearly Review of Leadership. “The Bright and Dark Sides of Leader Traits: A Review and Theoretical Extension of the Leader Trait Paradigm”. The Leadership Quarterly 20/6 (2009), 855-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004
  • Kağıtçıbaşa, Çiğdem - Cemalcılar, Zeynep. Dünden Bugüne İnsan ve İnsanlar Sosyal Psikolojiye Giriş. Evrim Yayınevi, 2014.
  • Kernberg, Otto F. “The Almost Untreatable Narcissistic Patient”. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55/2 (2007), 503-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651070550020701
  • Kirsch, Jonathan. God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism. New York: Penguin Books, Reprint edition., 2005.
  • Langer, Ellen J. “The İllusion of Control”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (1975), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311
  • Malmendier, Ulrike - Tate, Geoffrey. “Ceo Overconfidence and Corporate Investment”. The Journal of Finance 60/6 (2005), 2661-2700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00813.x
  • Merriam, Websters. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, Mass., U.S.A: Merriam-webster+ Inc, 9th edition., 1983.
  • Millon, Theodore vd. Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2nd edition., 2004.
  • Milyavsky, Maxim vd. “Evidence for Arrogance: On the Relative Importance of Expertise, Outcome, and Manner”. PLoS ONE 12/7 (2017), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180420
  • Moore, Don - Healy, Paul J. “The Trouble With Overconfidence”. Psychological Review 115/2 (2008), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.502
  • Mustafa Çağrıcı. “Kibir”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 25/562. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2002.
  • Owen, David - Davidson, Jonathan. “Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years”. Brain 132/5 (2009), 1396-1406. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp008
  • Picone, Pasquale Massimo vd. “The Origin of Failure: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal of the Hubris Hypothesis and Proposed Research Agenda”. Academy of Management Perspectives 28/4 (2014), 447-468.
  • Pronin, Emily. “How We See Ourselves and How We See Others”. Science 320/5880 (2008), 1177-1180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154199
  • Rapier, Mary Lynn. An Interview Study of Narcissistic Executives: Piercing the Corporate Veil of Narcissism in the Workplace. US: ProQuest Information & Learning, 2006.
  • Reich, Wilhelm. Character Analysis. çev. Vincent Carfagno. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Third Edition, Enlarged., 1980.
  • Roland, Alan. Journeys to Foreign Selves: Asians and Asian Americans in a Global Era. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Ross, Kathleen. “Arrogance and Aloneness”. Arrogance Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Salman Akhtar - Smolen Ann. 103-114. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Rostboll, Christian F. “Autonomy, Respect, and Arrogance in the Danish Cartoon Controversy”. Political Theory 37/5 (2009), 623-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709340138
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul. No Exit, and Three Other Plays. New York: Vintage International, Vintage International ed., 1989.
  • Shah, Apurva. “Arrogance in Text and in Context”. Arrogance Developmental, Cultural, and Clinical Realms. ed. Salman Akhtar - Ann G. Smolen. 77-88. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Şimşek, Hasan - Yıldırım, Ali. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • Thompson, Leigh - Hastie, Reid. “Social Perception in Negotiation”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 47/1 (1990), 98-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(90)90048-E
  • Tiberius, Valerie - Walker, John D. “Arrogance”. American Philosophical Quarterly 35/4 (1998), 379-390.
  • Trouche, Emmanuel vd. “The Selective Laziness of Reasoning”. Cognitive Science 40/8 (2016), 2122-2136. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12303
  • Turan, Kenan. “Narsisistik Kişilik Bozukluğu ve Psikodinamik Alt Tipleri”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 5/9 (2022).
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. Türkçe Sözlük. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1983.
  • TDK, Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlük. “kibir”. Erişim 09 Nisan 2023. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=kibir
  • Twenge, Jean M. - Campbell, W. Keith. The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. New York: Free Press, 2009.
  • Vaknin, Sam. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD): The Facts. ed. Lidija Rangelovska. Narcissus Publications, 2nd edition., 2013.
  • Van Damme, Carolien vd. “Why Self-Enhancement Provokes Dislike: The Hubris Hypothesis and the Aversiveness of Explicit Self-Superiority Claims”. Self and Identity 15/2 (2016), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1095232
  • Wason, P. C. “On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12/3 (1960), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216008416717
  • Weber, Sara L. “Doubt, Arrogance, and Humility”. Contemporary Psychoanalysis 42/2 (2006), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2006.10745882
  • Zimmer, Richard B. “Arrogance and Surprise in Psychoanalytic Process”. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 82/2 (2013), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2013.00034.x
  • Zingrone, William A. The Arrogance of Religious Thought: Information Kills Religion. Wallingford: Lulu Publishing Services, 2016.
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  • Vikipedi, Vikipedi Özgür Ansiklopedi. “Ebbinghaus İllüzyonu”. Erişim 17 Nisan 2023. https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebbinghaus_ill%C3%BCzyonu&oldid=23107112
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muharrem Aka 0000-0002-3195-8946

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 51

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Aka, Muharrem. “Kibrin Psikolojisi”. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi 51 (Haziran 2024), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1311437.