On Some Countries in the Köl Tegin and Bilga Qagan Inscriptions

Abstract

This study examines the ethnonyms, toponyms and personal names of the Old Turkic inscriptions within the context of Chinese historical sources. Late Rulers of the Second Turkic Qaganate (682-745) erected several inscribed stone stelae, most notably the Orkhon inscriptions, including Köl Tegin, Bilgä Qagan, Toñuquq, Išbara Targan (Ongi) and Küli Čor (Ikhe-Khüshötü) monuments. Although most of the Köl Tegin and Bilgä Qagan inscriptions are well understood, certain expressions still require further examination. Among these is the phrase bükli čölig il, along with par and purum which appear in the list of polities sending envoys to Köl Tegin’s funeral. Since the geographical horizon of the Orkhon inscriptions cover primarily the Qaγanate and its immediate neighbors, these names cannot reasonably be identified with distant relams. Therefore, simplifying Bükli merely as Korea constitues an inaccurate translation, as frequently done by previous scholars. Bükli and čölig il must be read as Bükli-Čölgä il, which may be a Turkic name for the state of Songmo 松漠 of Khitan origin. Many scholars consider Purum mentioned in these inscriptions as the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire. However, we argue that the Purum in the Orkhon inscriptions denotes a state of Tokharistan ruled by the Western Turkic Qaγans. Geographical realms recorded in the Orkhon inscriptions cover areas in the west, or the territory of the formerly Western Turkic Qaγanate. In reading the geography of the Orkhon inscriptions this way, we conclude that the Apar, Purum in the Orkhon inscription were inhabitants of Tokharistan (ancient Bactria; Islamic Ṭukhāristān, Chin. Tuhuoluo 吐火羅) in modern Afghanistan. Xuanzang’s seventh-century records similarly indicate that Ṭukhāristān was partitioned into twenty-seven minor realms under Turkic authority.

Keywords

• Bükli-Čölgä il
• Par
• Käŋü Tarban
• Apar
• Purum
• Bärčäkär

Supporting Institution

Committee of Science, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Project Number

BR28712621

Thanks

The author gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of the program-targeted funding project BR28712621 “Manuscript Heritage of Kazakhstan: Registration, Restoration, Scholarly Cataloguing, Digitization, and Comprehensive Codicological Studies

Köl Tegin ve Bilge Kağan Yazıtlarındaki Bazı Ülkeler Üzerine

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Eski Türkçe yazıtlarında yer alan etnonim, toponim ve kişi adlarını Çin tarihi kaynakları bağlamında incelemektedir. İkinci Türk Kağanlığı’nın (682–745) son hükümdarları, başta Orhun yazıtları olmak üzere Köl Tegin, Bilge Kağan, Tonyukuk, İşbara Tarkan (Ongi) ve Küli Çor (İhe-Hüşötü) abideleri gibi çok sayıda yazılı taş anıt dikmişlerdir. Köl Tegin ve Bilge Kağan yazıtlarının büyük bölümü iyi okunabilmiş olsa da bazı adlandırmalar daha kapsamlı bir incelemeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bunlar arasında, Köl Tegin’in cenaze törenine elçi gönderen devlet ve halklar listesinde yer alan bükli čölig il ifadesi ile par ve purum isimleri öne çıkmaktadır. Orhun Yazıtları’nın mekânsal perspektifi esas olarak Kağanlığı ve onun yakın komşularını kapsadığından, bu isimler çok uzak coğrafyalara atfedilmemelidir. Nitekim, önceki çalışmalarda sıklıkla teklif edildiği üzere Bükli kelimesini basitçe Kore olarak tanımlamak hatalı bir tercümedir. Bükli ve čölig il ifadeleri, Hıtay menşeyli Songmo 松漠 devletinin Türkçe adı olabilecek Bükli-Čölgä il şeklinde okunmalıdır. Birçok araştırmacı bu yazıtlarda geçen Purum kelimesini Bizans (Doğu Roma) İmparatorluğu olarak değerlendirmektedir. Ancak biz, Orhun yazıtlarındaki Purum kelimesinin Batı Türk Kağanları tarafından yönetilen Toharistan sahasını ifade ettiğini savunmaktayız. Orhun yazıtlarında belirtilen coğrafi sınırlar, batıdaki bölgeleri yani eski Batı Türk Kağanlığı sahasını kapsamaktadır. Orhun yazıtlarının tarihi coğrafyasını bu şekilde okuyarak, yazıtlardaki Apar ve Purum adlarının, günümüz Afganistan’ında bulunan Toharistan’ın (antik Baktriya; İslami Toharistan, Çince Tuhuoluo 火羅) sakinleri olduğu sonucuna varmaktayız. Xuanzang’ın MS yedinci yüzyıla ait kayıtları da benzer şekilde Toharistan’ın Türk otoritesi altında yirmi yedi küçük bölgeye bölündüğünü göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Bükli-Čölgä il
• Par
• Käŋü Tarban
• Apar
• Purum
• Bärčäkär

Supporting Institution

Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti Bilim ve Yüksek Öğrenim Bakanlığı Bilim Komitesi

Project Number

BR28712621

Ethical Statement

Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti Bilim ve Yüksek Öğrenim Bakanlığı Bilim Komitesi

Thanks

Yazar, Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti Bilim ve Yüksek Öğretim Bakanlığı Bilim Komitesi tarafından BR28712621 numaralı "Kazakistan El Yazması Mirası: Kayıt, Restorasyon, Bilimsel Kataloglama, Dijitalleştirme ve Kapsamlı Kodeks Çalışmaları" başlıklı program odaklı fonlama projesi çerçevesinde sağlanan desteğe minnettar olduğunu belirtir.

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