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Osmanlı Balkanlarında On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Ayaklanmaları

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 221 - 235, 22.05.2023

Abstract

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, on altıncı yüzyıldan itibaren dünya ekonomisi ve teknolojisi değiştikçe tebaasıyla ilişkilerinde zorluklarla karşılaştı. Bu değişiklikler reayanın yaşam koşullarında bir gerilemeye yol açtı. Mali kriz, tımar sisteminin çözülmesi, çiftliklerin yükselişi ve taşradaki yöneticilerin, yeniçerilerin, ayanların ve eşkıyaların suiistimalleri nedeniyle reaya sürekli güvensizlik ve yoksulluk içinde yaşadı. Bu arada, imparatorluğun Avrupa topraklarındaki Ortodoks toplulukların orta sınıfları 18. yüzyılda gelişti. Artık reaya statülerinden memnun değillerdi ve imparatorluğun altyapı eksikliği ve mali istikrarsızlığından hoşnut değillerdi. Sırp, Yunan ve Bulgar ayaklanmalarının ilk aşamaları Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun mevcut koşullarına tepkiydi. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ise, kendi toplumlarındaki yeni orta sınıfın üyeleri olan ulusal aydınlar milliyetçiliği desteklemiştir.

References

  • References:
  • Archive Documents
  • The National Archives, Memorandum on the Present State of the Questions Arising Under the Treaty of Berlin by Lord Tenterden (28 April 1880), FO 424/477.
  • The National Archives, Mr. Layard to the Earl of Derby, Remarks on the Treaty of San Stefano (23 March 1878), FO 881/3541.
  • The National Archives, The Treaty of Berlin and the Convention of Constantinople (August 1878), ZLIB 15/16.
  • Published Books and Articles
  • Aslantaş, Selim. Osmanlıda Sırp İsyanları: 19. Yüzyılın Şafağında Balkanlar. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2007.
  • Aslantaş, Selim. “Sırp İsyanlarına Giden Yol (1788-1804).”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD) S. 3 (2005): 115-145.
  • Béla K. Király and Gunther E. Rothenberg, eds. War and Society in East Central Europe Vol. I. New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979.
  • Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich. “The Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria under Russian Protectorship.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge 9:3 (1961), 354.
  • Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977.
  • Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Gülseven, Aslı Yiğit. “Rethinking Russian Pan-Slavism in the Ottoman Balkans: N.P. Ignatiev and the Slavic Benevolent Committee (1856-77).”, Middle Eastern Studies 53:3 (2017): 332-348.
  • Hakan Yavuz and Isa Blumi, eds. War and Nationalism: the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and Their Sociopolitical Implications. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013.
  • Hehn, Paul N. “The Origins of Modern Pan-Serbism-The 1844 Načertanije of Ilija Garašanin: An Analysis and Translation.”, East European Quarterly IX/2 (Summer 1975): 153-171.
  • Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  • İnalcik, Halil. “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700.”, Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283-337.
  • İnalcık, Halil. Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi. İstanbul: Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapçılık Ltd. Şti., 1992.
  • Kamusella, Tomasz, Nomachi Motoki, and Catherine Gibson, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities, and Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., eds. Ottoman Past and Today’s Turkey. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • Kasaba, Reşat. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Dünya Ekonomisi On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 1993.
  • Kocahanoğlu, Osman Selim ed. Midhat Paşa’nın Hatıraları: Yıldız Mahkemesi ve Taif Zindanı [Mir’at-ı Hayret] Cilt. 2. İstanbul: Temel Yayınları, 1997.
  • Kohn, Hans. “The Impact of Pan-Slavism on Central Europe.” The Review of Politics Vol. 23 No.3 (Jul. 1961): 323-333.
  • Manetovic, Edislav. “Ilija Garasanin: Nacertanije and Nationalism.” Historical Review (January 2008):137-173.
  • Meriage, Lawrence P., “The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question.” Slavic Review 37/3 (September 1978): 421-439.
  • Minkov, Anton. Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve Bahasi Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670-1730. Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Ortaylı, İlber. İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2012.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi 1500-1914. İstanbul: İletişim, 2007.
  • Paxton, Roger V. “Nationalism and Revolution: A Re-Examination of the Origins of the First Serbian Insurrection 1804-1807.” East European Quarterly, VI/6 (September 1972): 337-362.
  • Roudometof, Victor. “Invented Traditions, Symbolic Boundaries, And National Identity In Southeastern Europe: Greece and Serbia in Comparative Historical Perspective (1830-1880).” East European Quarterly XXXII/4 (January 1999): 429-468.
  • Roudometof, Victor. “Nationalism, Globalization, Eastern Orthodoxy: ‘Unthinking’ the ‘Clash of Civilizations’ in Southeastern Europe.” European Journal of Social Theory 2/2 (1999): 233-247.
  • Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Stavrianos, Leften Stavros. The Balkans since 1453. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1958.
  • Stoianovich, Traian. “The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant.” The Journal of Economic History (Jun 1960): 234-313.
  • Stoianovich, Traian. “Land Tenure and Related Sectors of the Balkan Economy, 1600-1800.” The Journal of Economic History (Autumn 1953): 398-411.
  • Şentürk, Hüdai. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bulgar Meselesi (1850-1875). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1992.
  • Vucinich, Wayne S., ed. The First Serbian Uprising 1804-1813. New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1982.
  • Unpublished Thesis
  • Üstündağ, Nagehan. Power Politics in the Ottoman Balkan Provinces: A Case Study of Pazvandoğlu Osman (Unpublished Masters of Arts Thesis), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 2006.

THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY UPRISINGS IN THE OTTOMAN BALKANS

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 221 - 235, 22.05.2023

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire faced challenges in its relationships with its subjects as the world economy and technology changed from the sixteenth century onwards. These changes led to a decline in living conditions for the reaya. The reaya lived in constant insecurity and poverty because of the financial crisis, the disintegration of the timar system, the rise of the çiftliks, and abuses of provincial administrators, janissaries, ayans, and bandits that were ravishing the countryside. Meanwhile, the middle classes in Orthodox communities in the empire's European territories thrived in the 18th century. They were no longer satisfied with their reaya status and displeased with the lack of infrastructure and financial instability of the empire. The initial phases of the Serbian, Greek, and Bulgarian uprisings were reactions to the current conditions of the Ottoman Empire. Whereas, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the national intelligentsia, who were members of the new middle class in their respective societies promoted nationalism.

References

  • References:
  • Archive Documents
  • The National Archives, Memorandum on the Present State of the Questions Arising Under the Treaty of Berlin by Lord Tenterden (28 April 1880), FO 424/477.
  • The National Archives, Mr. Layard to the Earl of Derby, Remarks on the Treaty of San Stefano (23 March 1878), FO 881/3541.
  • The National Archives, The Treaty of Berlin and the Convention of Constantinople (August 1878), ZLIB 15/16.
  • Published Books and Articles
  • Aslantaş, Selim. Osmanlıda Sırp İsyanları: 19. Yüzyılın Şafağında Balkanlar. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2007.
  • Aslantaş, Selim. “Sırp İsyanlarına Giden Yol (1788-1804).”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD) S. 3 (2005): 115-145.
  • Béla K. Király and Gunther E. Rothenberg, eds. War and Society in East Central Europe Vol. I. New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979.
  • Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich. “The Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria under Russian Protectorship.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge 9:3 (1961), 354.
  • Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977.
  • Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Gülseven, Aslı Yiğit. “Rethinking Russian Pan-Slavism in the Ottoman Balkans: N.P. Ignatiev and the Slavic Benevolent Committee (1856-77).”, Middle Eastern Studies 53:3 (2017): 332-348.
  • Hakan Yavuz and Isa Blumi, eds. War and Nationalism: the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and Their Sociopolitical Implications. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013.
  • Hehn, Paul N. “The Origins of Modern Pan-Serbism-The 1844 Načertanije of Ilija Garašanin: An Analysis and Translation.”, East European Quarterly IX/2 (Summer 1975): 153-171.
  • Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  • İnalcik, Halil. “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700.”, Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283-337.
  • İnalcık, Halil. Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi. İstanbul: Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapçılık Ltd. Şti., 1992.
  • Kamusella, Tomasz, Nomachi Motoki, and Catherine Gibson, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities, and Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., eds. Ottoman Past and Today’s Turkey. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • Kasaba, Reşat. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Dünya Ekonomisi On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 1993.
  • Kocahanoğlu, Osman Selim ed. Midhat Paşa’nın Hatıraları: Yıldız Mahkemesi ve Taif Zindanı [Mir’at-ı Hayret] Cilt. 2. İstanbul: Temel Yayınları, 1997.
  • Kohn, Hans. “The Impact of Pan-Slavism on Central Europe.” The Review of Politics Vol. 23 No.3 (Jul. 1961): 323-333.
  • Manetovic, Edislav. “Ilija Garasanin: Nacertanije and Nationalism.” Historical Review (January 2008):137-173.
  • Meriage, Lawrence P., “The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question.” Slavic Review 37/3 (September 1978): 421-439.
  • Minkov, Anton. Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve Bahasi Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670-1730. Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Ortaylı, İlber. İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2012.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi 1500-1914. İstanbul: İletişim, 2007.
  • Paxton, Roger V. “Nationalism and Revolution: A Re-Examination of the Origins of the First Serbian Insurrection 1804-1807.” East European Quarterly, VI/6 (September 1972): 337-362.
  • Roudometof, Victor. “Invented Traditions, Symbolic Boundaries, And National Identity In Southeastern Europe: Greece and Serbia in Comparative Historical Perspective (1830-1880).” East European Quarterly XXXII/4 (January 1999): 429-468.
  • Roudometof, Victor. “Nationalism, Globalization, Eastern Orthodoxy: ‘Unthinking’ the ‘Clash of Civilizations’ in Southeastern Europe.” European Journal of Social Theory 2/2 (1999): 233-247.
  • Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Stavrianos, Leften Stavros. The Balkans since 1453. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1958.
  • Stoianovich, Traian. “The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant.” The Journal of Economic History (Jun 1960): 234-313.
  • Stoianovich, Traian. “Land Tenure and Related Sectors of the Balkan Economy, 1600-1800.” The Journal of Economic History (Autumn 1953): 398-411.
  • Şentürk, Hüdai. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bulgar Meselesi (1850-1875). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1992.
  • Vucinich, Wayne S., ed. The First Serbian Uprising 1804-1813. New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1982.
  • Unpublished Thesis
  • Üstündağ, Nagehan. Power Politics in the Ottoman Balkan Provinces: A Case Study of Pazvandoğlu Osman (Unpublished Masters of Arts Thesis), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 2006.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Late Modern Balkan History, Late Modern Ottoman History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ceren Uçan 0000-0002-8003-0466

Publication Date May 22, 2023
Submission Date November 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Uçan, Ceren. “THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY UPRISINGS IN THE OTTOMAN BALKANS”. History Studies 15, no. 2 (May 2023): 221-35.