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Hititçe Çivi Yazılı Metinlerde Dağların Animistik Özellikleri

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 851 - 869, 10.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1611359

Abstract

Hititler, doğanın çok katmanlı ve karmaşık yapısını, tanrısallık, kutsallık ve kişilik kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirmiştir. Bu kadim insanlar, doğa ve içerisinde yer alan dağ, nehir ve ağaçları insanüstü güce sahip, insani eğilimler ve sosyal davranışlar gösteren, kendi aralarında sinerjik ilişki ve iletişimde olan canlılar olarak algılamıştır. Hitit ritüel, dua, bayram, fal, mitolojik içerikli belgelerde, Hititlerin çevrelerini tasavvur etme ve ilişki kurma biçimleri, animistik inanç ve uygulamaları hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. Hititlerde dağ, kozmik ve kutsal varlıkların yanı sıra tanrı, tanrıların yaşadığı, toplandığı mekân, fiziksel ve ruhsal arınma yeri olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Dağlar, animizm perspektifinde bir ruha sahip canlı ve “insan dışı kişi” olarak tasavvur edilmiştir. Hititçe çivi yazılı belgelerde dağlar, ahlaki ve etik değerleri olan, olumlu ve olumsuz duygulara sahip, erkek ve kadın olarak sınıflandırılan, cinsellik yaşayan, anne rolüne sahip, güç ve iktidarın sembolü, kişilik sahibi olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca ritüel ve bayram törenleri esnasında dağlara kurban ve çeşitli yiyecekler/içecekler sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Hititlerin dağları nasıl algıladığı, dağlar üzerindeki animistik inanç ve uygulamalar ortaya konulacaktır.

References

  • Abusch, Tzvi. “Etemmu.” Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Editör: K. van der Toorn, B. Becking ve P. W. van der Horst, 588–594. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Arıkan, Yasemin. “Hitit Dini Üzerinde Bir İnceleme.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih–Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 38, no. 1–2 (1998): 271–285.
  • Bachvarova, Mary R. “Hurro-Hittite Stories and Hittite Pregnancy and Birth Rituals.” In Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook, Editör: Mark W. Chavalas, 272–306. London ve New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Bachvarova, Mary R. “Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Hittite Landscape: What Does It Mean When Mountains Give Birth?” IX. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, Editör: Aygül Süel, 81–100. Çorum: Dumat Ofset, 2019.
  • Bittel, Kurt. Die Hethiter: Die Kunst Anatoliens vom Ende des 3. bis zum Anfang des 1. Jahrtausends vor Christus. München: 1976.
  • Bozgun, Şafak. III. Hattušili Devrinde Nerik ve Hakmiš Memleketleri. Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı, 2019.
  • Bryce, Trevor. Hitit Dünyasında Yaşam ve Toplum. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2002.
  • Cammarosano, Michele. Hittite Local Cults. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, Writing from the Ancient World 40, 2018.
  • Carter, Charles William. Hittite Cult-Inventories. Doktora tezi, The University of Chicago, Department of Oriental Languages and Civilizations, 1962.
  • Castro, Eduardo Viveiros de. “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4, no. 3 (1998): 469–488.
  • Christensen, Birgit. Die Ritualtradition der Ambazzi: Eine philologische Bearbeitung und entstehungsgeschichtliche Analyse der Ritualtexte CTH 391, CTH 429 und CTH 463 (StBoT 48). Wiesbaden: 2006.
  • Corti, Carlo. “From Mt Hazzi to Şapinuwa: Cultural Traditions in Motion in the First Half of the 14th Century BC.” Mesopotamia: Rivista di Archeologia e Epigrafia 52 (2017): 3–20.
  • Çevik, Nevzat. “Dağlardaki Tanrılar ve Tanrı Dağları.” Belkıs Dinçol ve Ali Dinçol’a Armağan, 175–193. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2007.
  • Dardano, Paola. “Sulla fraseologia di itt. (UZU) ištamana — 'orecchio' e ištanza(na) — 'animo'.” In Margine a una recente pubblicazione, İncontri Linguistici 43 (2020): 191–224.
  • Del Monte, Johannes ve Tischler, Johan. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Hethitischen Texte. Wiesbaden: RGTC VI/I, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1978.
  • Descola, Philippe. “Societies of Nature and the Nature of Society.” In Conceptualizing Society, Editör: A. Kuper, 107–126. London: 1992.
  • Dinçol, M. Ali. “Hititler.” Anadolu Uygarlıkları Ansiklopedisi, 18–120. Ankara: Görsel Yayınlar Ansiklopedisi, 1982. Eichner, Heiner. “İntogermanische Seelenbegriffe.” Der Begriff der Seele in der Religionswissenschaft. Würzburg: 2002: 131–144.
  • Freud, Sigmund. Dinin Kökenleri: Totem ve Tabu; Musa; Tek Tanrıcılık ve Diğer Çalışmalar. İstanbul: Öteki Yayınevi, 1999.
  • Garcia Trabazo, Jose Virgilio. Textos Religiosos Hittitas: Mitos, Plegarias, Rituales. Biblical and Oriental Studies. Madrid: 2002.
  • Garstang, John ve Gurney, Oliver R. The Geography of the Hittite Empire. London: BIAA Occasional Publications 5, 1959.
  • Gerçek, N. İlgi. “Hittite Geographers: Geographical Perceptions and Practices in Hittite Anatolia.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4 (2018): 39–60.
  • Goetze, Albrecht. “Hittite Rituals, Incantations, and Description of Festival.” Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed., with Supplement (1969): 346–361.
  • Gonnet, Hatice. “Les Montagnes d’Asie Meye d’Après les Textes Hittites.” RHA 83 (1968): 95–170.
  • Groddek, Detlev. Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 59, Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie (Philologica) 14. Dresden: 2004.
  • Gurney, Oliver Robert. Some Aspects of Hittite Religion. Oxford: Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1977.
  • Haas, Volkert ve Wegner, Ilse. Die Rituale der Beschwörerinnen ŠALŠU. GI. Roma: Corpus der hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler 1/5, 1988.
  • Haas, Volkert ve Wilhelm Gernot. Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna. Kevelaer–Neukirchen-Vluyn: AOATS 3; Hurritologische Studien 1, 1974.
  • Haas, Volkert. Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006.
  • Haas, Volkert. Geschichte der Hethitischen Religion. Leiden/New York/Köln: Handbuch der Orientalistik 15, 1994. Hallowell, Alfred Irving. “Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior and World View.” In Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, Editör: S. Diamond, 19–52. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
  • Harvey, Graham. “Animism — A Contemporary Perspective.” In Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, London/New York: 2005: 81–83.
  • Harvey, Graham. Animism: Respecting the Living World. New York: Columbia University, 2006.
  • Harvey, Graham. Handbook of Contemporary Animism. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Hoffner, Harry Angier. “Crossing of the Taurus.” In The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, vol. 1, Editör: W. W. Hallo, 184–185. 1977.
  • Horowitz, Wayne. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1998.
  • Hutter, Manfred. “Religion in Hittite Anatolia.” Some Comments on Volkert Haas: Geschichte der Hethitischen Religion, No. 44 (1977): 74–90.
  • Kapelrud, Arvid Schou. “The Interrelationship between Religion and Magic in Hittite Religion.” Numen 6 (1959): 32–50.
  • Karasu, I. Cem. “Hititlere Neden Bir Tanrı Vardı?” 1996 Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi Konferansları, Ankara: 1997: 175–190.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Duaları Kil Kitapları: “Bin Tanrı” İçin İlahi ve Münacatlar. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2020.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Merasim ve Bayramları. Kil Kitapları. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2024.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Mitolojisi. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2001.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hititlerde Büyü ve Ayin: Pandemi, Şifa, Doğum, Uzun Ömür, Tanrıları Çağırma, Cenaze, Hades, Necaset, İftira, Eş, Akrabalar Arası Sıcaklık Büyüleri ile Büyü Bozma. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi, 2022.
  • Lemert, Charles C. “Cultural Multiplexity and Religious Polytheism.” Social Compass 21, no. 3 (1974): 241–253.
  • McMahon, John Gregory. The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. Chicago: Assyriological Studies 25, 1991. Miller, Jared. “Joins and Duplicates among the Boǧazköy Tablets (1–10).” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 96 (2006): 235–241.
  • Ökse, A. Tuba. “Hititlerde Dağ Kültü: Yukarı Kızılırmak Havzası Dağ Tapınakları.” Barış Salman Anı Kitabı, 169–180. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2017.
  • Ökse, A. Tuba. “Open-Air Sanctuaries of the Hittites.” Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology, Editör: Hermann Genz ve Dirk Paul Mielke, 219–240. Leuven/Paris: Colloquia Antiqua 2, 2011.
  • Perek, Faruk Zeki. Latince-Türkçe Sözlük, Fasikül 1. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, No. 305, Klasik Filoloji Enstitüsü, 1946.
  • Popko, Maciej. Zippalanda: Ein Kultzentrum im Hethitischen Kleinasien. Texte Der Hethiter 21. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1994.
  • Richter, Thomas. “Ergänzungen zum hurritischen Wörterbuch I.” AoF 34 (2007): 78–115.
  • Rizza, Alfredo ve Steitler, Charles. “On the Manuscripts of the Rituals for the Royal Couple CTH 416.” WdO 45, no. 2 (2015): 232–254.
  • Roos, Johan de. “Animals in Hittite Texts.” Journal for Semitics 16, no. 3 (2007): 624–634.
  • Salvini, Mirjo ve Wegner, Ilse. Die mythologischen Texte, Corpus der Hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler, I. Abteilung, Die Texte aus Boğazköy I/6. Roma: Istituto di studi sulle civilta dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, 2004.
  • Samuel, Ken En. ve Jian Hu Tay. The Associations Between Theism and Beliefs in Folklore, Mythical Beings, Extra-terrestrials, and Things That Go Bump in the Dark. Singapore: James Cook University, 2022.
  • Seeher, Jürgen. Gods Carved in Stone: The Hittite Rock Sanctuary of Yazılıkaya. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2011. Simpson, Donald Penistan. Cassell’s Latin Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons, 1977.
  • Singer, Itamar. Hittite Prayers. Atlanta: SBL Writings from the Ancient World 11, 2002.
  • Soysal, Oğuz. “KUB XXXI 4 + KBo III 41 und 40 (Die Puḫanu-Chronik). Zum Thronstreit Ḫattušilis I.” Hethitica 7 (1987): 173–253.
  • Trameri, Andrea. Purifying a House from Blood: A Hittite Ritual for the Ancient Gods (CTH 446). Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2022.
  • Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Custom. 2 vols. London: Murray, 1871.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. Vol. I A–M; Vol. II N–Z. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kova, 2007.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititçe-Türkçe, Türkçe-Hititçe Büyük Sözlük. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu I. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2002.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2003.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. The Hittite Ritual of Ḫantitaššu from the City of Hurma Against Troublesome Years. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1996.
  • van Buren, E. Douglas. “Mountain-Gods.” Orientalia. Commentarii periodici Pontificii Instituti Biblici Nova Series 12 (1943): 76–84.
  • Wegner, Ilse von. Hurritische Opferlisten aus hethitischen Festbeschreibungen, Teil 3: Das Glossar. Roma: Corpus der hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler I/3.3, 2004.
  • Yiğit, Turgut, Ali Özcan ve Kurtuluş Kıymet. Hitit İmparatorluk Dönemi Kaya Anıtları. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Yayınevi, 2016.

Animistic Features of Mountains in Hittite Cuneiform Texts

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 851 - 869, 10.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1611359

Abstract

The Hittites associated the multi-layered and complex structure of nature with the concepts of divinity, sacredness and personality. These ancient people perceived nature and its mountains, rivers and trees as creatures with superhuman power, showing human tendencies and social behaviours, and in synergistic relationship and communication among themselves. Hittite rituals, prayers, festivals, fortune-telling and mythological documents provide information about the way Hittites envisioned and related to their environment, their animistic beliefs and practices. In the Hittites, the mountain was characterized as a place where gods and gods lived and gathered, as well as cosmic and sacred beings, and as a place of physical and spiritual purification. In the perspective of animism, mountains were envisioned as living beings with a soul and “non-human persons”. In Hittite cuneiform documents, mountains are seen as having moral and ethical values, having positive and negative emotions, being classified as male and female, experiencing sexuality, having the role of mother, symbol of power and authority, and having personality. In addition, sacrifices and various foods/drinks were offered to the mountains during rituals and festivals. In this study, how the Hittites perceived the mountains, animistic beliefs and practices on the mountains will be revealed.

References

  • Abusch, Tzvi. “Etemmu.” Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Editör: K. van der Toorn, B. Becking ve P. W. van der Horst, 588–594. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Arıkan, Yasemin. “Hitit Dini Üzerinde Bir İnceleme.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih–Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 38, no. 1–2 (1998): 271–285.
  • Bachvarova, Mary R. “Hurro-Hittite Stories and Hittite Pregnancy and Birth Rituals.” In Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook, Editör: Mark W. Chavalas, 272–306. London ve New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Bachvarova, Mary R. “Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Hittite Landscape: What Does It Mean When Mountains Give Birth?” IX. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, Editör: Aygül Süel, 81–100. Çorum: Dumat Ofset, 2019.
  • Bittel, Kurt. Die Hethiter: Die Kunst Anatoliens vom Ende des 3. bis zum Anfang des 1. Jahrtausends vor Christus. München: 1976.
  • Bozgun, Şafak. III. Hattušili Devrinde Nerik ve Hakmiš Memleketleri. Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı, 2019.
  • Bryce, Trevor. Hitit Dünyasında Yaşam ve Toplum. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2002.
  • Cammarosano, Michele. Hittite Local Cults. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, Writing from the Ancient World 40, 2018.
  • Carter, Charles William. Hittite Cult-Inventories. Doktora tezi, The University of Chicago, Department of Oriental Languages and Civilizations, 1962.
  • Castro, Eduardo Viveiros de. “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4, no. 3 (1998): 469–488.
  • Christensen, Birgit. Die Ritualtradition der Ambazzi: Eine philologische Bearbeitung und entstehungsgeschichtliche Analyse der Ritualtexte CTH 391, CTH 429 und CTH 463 (StBoT 48). Wiesbaden: 2006.
  • Corti, Carlo. “From Mt Hazzi to Şapinuwa: Cultural Traditions in Motion in the First Half of the 14th Century BC.” Mesopotamia: Rivista di Archeologia e Epigrafia 52 (2017): 3–20.
  • Çevik, Nevzat. “Dağlardaki Tanrılar ve Tanrı Dağları.” Belkıs Dinçol ve Ali Dinçol’a Armağan, 175–193. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2007.
  • Dardano, Paola. “Sulla fraseologia di itt. (UZU) ištamana — 'orecchio' e ištanza(na) — 'animo'.” In Margine a una recente pubblicazione, İncontri Linguistici 43 (2020): 191–224.
  • Del Monte, Johannes ve Tischler, Johan. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Hethitischen Texte. Wiesbaden: RGTC VI/I, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1978.
  • Descola, Philippe. “Societies of Nature and the Nature of Society.” In Conceptualizing Society, Editör: A. Kuper, 107–126. London: 1992.
  • Dinçol, M. Ali. “Hititler.” Anadolu Uygarlıkları Ansiklopedisi, 18–120. Ankara: Görsel Yayınlar Ansiklopedisi, 1982. Eichner, Heiner. “İntogermanische Seelenbegriffe.” Der Begriff der Seele in der Religionswissenschaft. Würzburg: 2002: 131–144.
  • Freud, Sigmund. Dinin Kökenleri: Totem ve Tabu; Musa; Tek Tanrıcılık ve Diğer Çalışmalar. İstanbul: Öteki Yayınevi, 1999.
  • Garcia Trabazo, Jose Virgilio. Textos Religiosos Hittitas: Mitos, Plegarias, Rituales. Biblical and Oriental Studies. Madrid: 2002.
  • Garstang, John ve Gurney, Oliver R. The Geography of the Hittite Empire. London: BIAA Occasional Publications 5, 1959.
  • Gerçek, N. İlgi. “Hittite Geographers: Geographical Perceptions and Practices in Hittite Anatolia.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4 (2018): 39–60.
  • Goetze, Albrecht. “Hittite Rituals, Incantations, and Description of Festival.” Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed., with Supplement (1969): 346–361.
  • Gonnet, Hatice. “Les Montagnes d’Asie Meye d’Après les Textes Hittites.” RHA 83 (1968): 95–170.
  • Groddek, Detlev. Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 59, Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie (Philologica) 14. Dresden: 2004.
  • Gurney, Oliver Robert. Some Aspects of Hittite Religion. Oxford: Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1977.
  • Haas, Volkert ve Wegner, Ilse. Die Rituale der Beschwörerinnen ŠALŠU. GI. Roma: Corpus der hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler 1/5, 1988.
  • Haas, Volkert ve Wilhelm Gernot. Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna. Kevelaer–Neukirchen-Vluyn: AOATS 3; Hurritologische Studien 1, 1974.
  • Haas, Volkert. Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006.
  • Haas, Volkert. Geschichte der Hethitischen Religion. Leiden/New York/Köln: Handbuch der Orientalistik 15, 1994. Hallowell, Alfred Irving. “Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior and World View.” In Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, Editör: S. Diamond, 19–52. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
  • Harvey, Graham. “Animism — A Contemporary Perspective.” In Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, London/New York: 2005: 81–83.
  • Harvey, Graham. Animism: Respecting the Living World. New York: Columbia University, 2006.
  • Harvey, Graham. Handbook of Contemporary Animism. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Hoffner, Harry Angier. “Crossing of the Taurus.” In The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, vol. 1, Editör: W. W. Hallo, 184–185. 1977.
  • Horowitz, Wayne. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1998.
  • Hutter, Manfred. “Religion in Hittite Anatolia.” Some Comments on Volkert Haas: Geschichte der Hethitischen Religion, No. 44 (1977): 74–90.
  • Kapelrud, Arvid Schou. “The Interrelationship between Religion and Magic in Hittite Religion.” Numen 6 (1959): 32–50.
  • Karasu, I. Cem. “Hititlere Neden Bir Tanrı Vardı?” 1996 Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi Konferansları, Ankara: 1997: 175–190.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Duaları Kil Kitapları: “Bin Tanrı” İçin İlahi ve Münacatlar. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2020.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Merasim ve Bayramları. Kil Kitapları. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2024.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hitit Mitolojisi. Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi, 2001.
  • Karauğuz, Güngör. Hititlerde Büyü ve Ayin: Pandemi, Şifa, Doğum, Uzun Ömür, Tanrıları Çağırma, Cenaze, Hades, Necaset, İftira, Eş, Akrabalar Arası Sıcaklık Büyüleri ile Büyü Bozma. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi, 2022.
  • Lemert, Charles C. “Cultural Multiplexity and Religious Polytheism.” Social Compass 21, no. 3 (1974): 241–253.
  • McMahon, John Gregory. The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. Chicago: Assyriological Studies 25, 1991. Miller, Jared. “Joins and Duplicates among the Boǧazköy Tablets (1–10).” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 96 (2006): 235–241.
  • Ökse, A. Tuba. “Hititlerde Dağ Kültü: Yukarı Kızılırmak Havzası Dağ Tapınakları.” Barış Salman Anı Kitabı, 169–180. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2017.
  • Ökse, A. Tuba. “Open-Air Sanctuaries of the Hittites.” Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology, Editör: Hermann Genz ve Dirk Paul Mielke, 219–240. Leuven/Paris: Colloquia Antiqua 2, 2011.
  • Perek, Faruk Zeki. Latince-Türkçe Sözlük, Fasikül 1. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, No. 305, Klasik Filoloji Enstitüsü, 1946.
  • Popko, Maciej. Zippalanda: Ein Kultzentrum im Hethitischen Kleinasien. Texte Der Hethiter 21. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1994.
  • Richter, Thomas. “Ergänzungen zum hurritischen Wörterbuch I.” AoF 34 (2007): 78–115.
  • Rizza, Alfredo ve Steitler, Charles. “On the Manuscripts of the Rituals for the Royal Couple CTH 416.” WdO 45, no. 2 (2015): 232–254.
  • Roos, Johan de. “Animals in Hittite Texts.” Journal for Semitics 16, no. 3 (2007): 624–634.
  • Salvini, Mirjo ve Wegner, Ilse. Die mythologischen Texte, Corpus der Hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler, I. Abteilung, Die Texte aus Boğazköy I/6. Roma: Istituto di studi sulle civilta dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, 2004.
  • Samuel, Ken En. ve Jian Hu Tay. The Associations Between Theism and Beliefs in Folklore, Mythical Beings, Extra-terrestrials, and Things That Go Bump in the Dark. Singapore: James Cook University, 2022.
  • Seeher, Jürgen. Gods Carved in Stone: The Hittite Rock Sanctuary of Yazılıkaya. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2011. Simpson, Donald Penistan. Cassell’s Latin Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons, 1977.
  • Singer, Itamar. Hittite Prayers. Atlanta: SBL Writings from the Ancient World 11, 2002.
  • Soysal, Oğuz. “KUB XXXI 4 + KBo III 41 und 40 (Die Puḫanu-Chronik). Zum Thronstreit Ḫattušilis I.” Hethitica 7 (1987): 173–253.
  • Trameri, Andrea. Purifying a House from Blood: A Hittite Ritual for the Ancient Gods (CTH 446). Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2022.
  • Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Custom. 2 vols. London: Murray, 1871.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. Vol. I A–M; Vol. II N–Z. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kova, 2007.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititçe-Türkçe, Türkçe-Hititçe Büyük Sözlük. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2016.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu I. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2002.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2003.
  • Ünal, Ahmet. The Hittite Ritual of Ḫantitaššu from the City of Hurma Against Troublesome Years. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1996.
  • van Buren, E. Douglas. “Mountain-Gods.” Orientalia. Commentarii periodici Pontificii Instituti Biblici Nova Series 12 (1943): 76–84.
  • Wegner, Ilse von. Hurritische Opferlisten aus hethitischen Festbeschreibungen, Teil 3: Das Glossar. Roma: Corpus der hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler I/3.3, 2004.
  • Yiğit, Turgut, Ali Özcan ve Kurtuluş Kıymet. Hitit İmparatorluk Dönemi Kaya Anıtları. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Yayınevi, 2016.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Anatolian History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nermin Atila 0000-0001-7245-2872

Early Pub Date November 10, 2025
Publication Date November 10, 2025
Submission Date January 1, 2025
Acceptance Date August 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 4

Cite

Chicago Atila, Nermin. “Hititçe Çivi Yazılı Metinlerde Dağların Animistik Özellikleri”. History Studies 17, no. 4 (November 2025): 851-69. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1611359.