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Jerusalem in Jewish Prayers

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 35, 23 - 48, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.465775

Abstract

Abstract

Judaism is a religion introduced, practiced, and identified with Jerusalem especially since King David’s period. According to Jews, the religious and political life in Jerusalem during the time of David and his son Suleiman is an ideal that requires not to be forgotten in their memory and to be experienced again. The prayers, which are an indispensable part of the religious life of the Jews and settled in the focus of religion with the collapse of the Temple, clearly reveal the meaning of Jerusalem that expressed for them and are considered as a summary of the history of Jewish faith. In general, the emphasis on Jerusalem in Jewish prayers, made regularly, on holidays and in transition periods and in some special cases, is that God is glorifying himself, that peace and salvation are demanded, salvation comes from the coming of Christ, the construction of temple, and peace in Jerusalem. In this direction Amidah prayer is regarded as a symbol of Jerusalem citizenship, that is to be Jewish, because of its emphasis on the fulfilment of salvation as a result of the coming of Christ, the gathering of the Jews in Jerusalem and the provision of justice. Therefore, in the memory of Jews, Jerusalem appears as need to be remembered and always maintains its importance and value as “a Jewish Hope” in the form of “Rebuild Jerusalem” in their language. In this work, by focusing on Jewish prayers made in various times and shapes, it is tried to be understood and revealed how Jerusalem takes place in Jewish prayers and what it means to them through the phenomenological method.

Summary

Jerusalem, which dates back to ancient times, has a special meaning and holiness for Judaism, Christianity and Islam because of the sacred sites it contains. As a matter of fact, the relations of the Jews with Jerusalem have been based on ancient times and in Jewish history it is noted that there have been much destruction and re-standing due to many important events such as the collapse of the Temple which was built in the process twice and experiencing various exiles. For this reason, there is always a sense of hope and duty in the minds of the Jews, which comes to the fore as return to Jerusalem and rebuilding here and it is also based on the various doctrines of religion. There are many emphasis on this hope and the meaning of Jerusalem for Jews in Jewish prayers made in individual or community.

Judaism is a religion introduced, practiced, and identified with Jerusalem especially since King David’s period. According to Jews, the religious and political life in Jerusalem during the time of David and his son Suleiman is an ideal that requires not to be forgotten in their memory and to be experienced again. This understanding is so integrated into Jewish religious life that becomes the key features of Jewish rituals and prayers. In this respect, the prayers, which are an indispensable part of the religious life of the Jews and settled in the focus of religion with the collapse of the Temple, clearly reveal the meaning of Jerusalem that expressed for them and are considered as a summary of the history of Jewish faith. 

It is possible to evaluate the prayers that give a map of the Jewish faith under the categories of prayers made regularly on holidays and in transition periods and in some special cases. In these prayers, Jerusalem is touched on the axis of Christ, Temple and Salvation, and it is considered the city of God. Accordingly, Amidah prayer which is one of the regular prayers has a special place among Jewish prayers because of its emphasis on Jerusalem. It is regarded as a symbol of Jerusalem citizenship, that is to be Jewish, because of its emphasis on the fulfillment of salvation as a result of the coming of Christ, the gathering of the Jews in Jerusalem and the provision of justice. Therefore, this prayer has a feature that can reveal the perceptions of Jews towards Jerusalem alone. Furthermore, being one of the most common prayer in Jewish religious life and performing to Jerusalem also support this situation.

Prayers made during the Jewish holidays have important emphasis on Jerusalem as in Amidah prayer. In the closing prayers of Yom Kippur and Passover, the phrase “Next year in Jerusalem” summarizes the approach adopted in these prayers and helps Jews keep their hope for Jerusalem ideals alive. Therefore, it seems possible to consider this prayer as a slogan for Jews who are subject to various exiles, repression and disintegration that reveals their hopes for their rise again.

The prayers of the Jews in the transition period, Jerusalem emerges as an essential element of Jewish identity, joy and sorrow. In this direction, while the prayers made during adolescence period have an effort to teach Jerusalem ideal to those who step into adulthood, the happiness experienced in the marriage ceremonies is identified with happiness experienced in the realization of Jerusalem ideal, it is stated that happiness lack from this ideal is deficient. In the prayers about death, the emphasis on Jerusalem serves to calm the sorrowful ones. In prayer for the Jews in some special cases, Jerusalem takes part as need to be remembered, and even special sections of prayer for Jerusalem attract attention.

Emphasis on Jerusalem in Jewish prayers in general has a view that points to desire peace and salvation from God with glorified him, the salvation will take place through the coming of the Messiah, the construction of the Temple and the peace prevailing on Jerusalem. Although there are some differences about the approaches and interpretations of Jewish sects to Jerusalem ideal, in the memory of all Jews, Jerusalem appears as need to be remembered and always maintains its importance and value as “a Jewish Hope” in the form of “Rebuild Jerusalem” in their language.


References

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  • Ben-Haim, Ruth. İsrail Hakkında Gerçekler. Kudüs: İsrail Enfarmasyon Merkezi, 2008.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. Yahudi Tarihi. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2001.
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  • Cohon, Samuel S. Judaism: A Way of Life. Cincinnati: The Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1948.
  • Dan, Joseph. “Sacrifice”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 17: 644-649. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Dobsevage, I. George. “Haftarah”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 6: 135-137. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Ehrlich, Uri. “Amidah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 2: 72-76. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Eisenberg, Ronald L. The Jps Guide to Jewish Traditions. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Prayer”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 10: 164-171. 12 Cilt. Funk and Wagnalls Company, New York, London, 1905.
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  • Eroğlu, Ahmet Hikmet. “Kutsal Zaman”. Dinler Tarihi. Ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 207-234. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • “Evlilik Töreni”. Erişim: 1 Şubat 2018. http://www.sevivon.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1288.
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  • Forta, Arye. Judaism. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995.
  • Gerber, Alan Jay. “Birkat HaMazon and Jerusalem”. The Jewish Star. 2017.
  • Glatzer, Nahum Norbert. Franz Rosenzweig: His Life and Thought. Indianapolis, Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.
  • Gutin, Jules A. Rejoice with Jerusalem. New York: United Synagogue Youth, 1984.
  • Güç, Ahmet. “Dinlerde Kıble Anlayışı”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11/22 (2002): 1-30.
  • Güngör, Muhammed. Yahudilik Açısından Süleyman Mabedi. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2014.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları, 2008.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Sünnet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38: 155-157. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Yahudiliğin Kudüs’e Bakışı: Tarih ile Mit Arasında Kudüs”. Erişim: 15 Şubat2018.https://www.academia.edu/35767191/Yahudiliğin_Kudüse_Bakışı_Tarih_ile_Mit_Arasında_Kudüs_The_Jewish_approach_to_Jerusalem_the_holy_city_between_history_and_myth.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Kudüs”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22: 323-327. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Yahudilik I”. Yaşayan Dünya Dinleri. 128-153. Ed. Ali Erbaş. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Tanah’ta Kudüs’ün Kutsallaşma Süreci”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 24/22 (2015): 125-148.
  • Heiler, Friedrich. Prayer: A Study in the History and Pschology of Religion. Trans.- Ed. Samuel McComb. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1932.
  • Herr, Moshe David. “Hanukkah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 8: 331-333. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Hirsch, Emil G. “Shemoneh ‘Esreh”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 10: 270-282. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnals Company, 1905.
  • Hoffman, Lawrence A. “Glossary”. My People's Prayer Book, Traditionals Prayers, Modern Commentaries: The Amidah. Ed. Lawrence A. Hoffman. 2: 201- 213. 10 Cilt. Woodstock: Jewish Lihgts Publishing, 2003.
  • Hoppe, Leslie J. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament: Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1991.
  • Jacobs, Louis. “Rosh Ha-Shanah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 17: 463-466. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Kadden, Bruce- Kadden, Barbara Binder. Teaching Tefilah: Insights and Activities on Prayer. Denver, Colorado: A.R.E. Publishing, Inc., 2004.
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Yahudi Dualarında Kudüs

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 35, 23 - 48, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.465775

Abstract

Yahudilik, özellikle Kral Davut
döneminden itibaren Kudüs ile kimlik bulan, yaşanılabilen ve özdeşleştirilen
bir dindir. Yahudilere göre Kudüs’te Davut ve oğlu Süleyman zamanında yaşanılan
dini ve siyasi hayat, belleklerinde unutulmaması ve yeniden yaşanılması gereken
bir idealdir. Yahudilerin dinî hayatının vazgeçilmez bir parçası olan ve
özellikle II. Mabed’in yıkılmasıyla dinin odağına yerleşen dualar, Kudüs’ün
onlar için ifade ettiği anlamı açık bir şekilde ortaya koymakta ve Yahudi inanç
tarihinin birer özeti olarak kabul edilmektedir. Düzenli olarak, bayramlarda ve
geçiş dönemleri ve bazı özel durumlarda yapılan Yahudi dualarında Kudüs’e
yönelik vurgular, Tanrı’nın yüceltilerek kendisinden barışın ve kurtuluşun
istenildiği, kurtuluşun Mesih’in gelişi, Mabed’in inşası ve Kudüs’e barışın
hâkim olmasıyla gerçekleşeceğine işaret eden bir görünüm arz etmektedir. Bu
bağlamda Amida duası, Mesih’in gelişi, Yahudilerin Kudüs’te toplanması ve
adaletin sağlanması neticesinde kurtuluşun gerçekleşmesine yönelik vurguları
nedeniyle Kudüs vatandaşlığının yani Yahudi olmanın bir simgesi olarak kabul
edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Yahudilerin belleğinde Kudüs unutulmaması gereken
olarak tezahür etmekte ve dillerinde “Kudüs’ü yeniden inşa et” şeklinde yer
alan bir “Yahudi Ümidi” olarak her zaman önemini ve değerini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada
çeşitli zamanlarda ve şekillerde yapılan Yahudi dualarına odaklanmak suretiyle,
Kudüs’ün Yahudi dualarında ne şekilde yer aldığı ve onlar için ne anlam ifade
ettiği fenomenolojik yöntem aracılığıyla anlaşılmaya ve ortaya konulmaya gayret
edilmektedir.
























References

  • Adam, Baki. “Hıristiyan Siyonizmi”. Bizim Dergah 5 (Mayıs 1992): 5-8.
  • Adam, Baki. “Yahudilik”. Yaşayan Dünya Dinleri. Ed. Şinasi Gündüz. 205-275. Ankara: DİB Yayınları, 2010.
  • Adam, Baki. “Kutsal Mekân”. Dinler Tarihi. Ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 208-234. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • Adam, Baki. “Yahudilik”. Dinler Tarihi El Kitabı. Ed. Baki Adam. 59-129. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları, 2015.
  • Alalu, Suzan- Arditi, Klara- Asayas, Eda- Basmacı, Teri- Ender, Fani- Haleva, Beki- Dalya, Maya- Pardo, Ninet- Yanarocak, Sara. Yahudilik’te Kavram ve Değerler, Dinsel Bayramlar. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2001.
  • Atasağun, Galip. “Yahudilikte Dini Sembol ve Kavramlar”. Selçuk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (2001): 125-156.
  • The Babylonian Talmud. Trans. Michael L. Rodkinson. 10 cilt. Boston: The Talmud Society, 1918.
  • Behar, Rabi Nisim. Dini Uygulama Rehberi (El Gid Para El Pratikante). Çev. Mordehay Yanar. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2009.
  • Bickerman, Elias J. Studies in Jewish and Christian History. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2007.
  • Ben-Haim, Ruth. İsrail Hakkında Gerçekler. Kudüs: İsrail Enfarmasyon Merkezi, 2008.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. Yahudi Tarihi. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2001.
  • Blech, Rabi Benjamin. Geçmişten Günümüze Yahudi Tarihi ve Kültürü. Çev. Estreya Seval Vali. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Blech, Rabi Benjamin. Nedenleri ve Niçinleriyle Yahudilik. Çev. Estreya Seval Vali. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Braunstein, Susan L. “Hanukkah Lamp”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 8: 333-335. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Bridger, David- Wolk, Samuel. The New Jewish Encyclopedia. New Jersey: Behrman House, Inc. Publishers, 1976.
  • Cohen, Francis L. “Neilah”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 11: 214-222. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnals Company, 1905.
  • Cohon, Samuel S. Judaism: A Way of Life. Cincinnati: The Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1948.
  • Dan, Joseph. “Sacrifice”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 17: 644-649. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Dobsevage, I. George. “Haftarah”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 6: 135-137. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Ehrlich, Uri. “Amidah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 2: 72-76. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Eisenberg, Ronald L. The Jps Guide to Jewish Traditions. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Prayer”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 10: 164-171. 12 Cilt. Funk and Wagnalls Company, New York, London, 1905.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Shema”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 11: 266-267. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Eroğlu, Ahmet Hikmet. “Kutsal Zaman”. Dinler Tarihi. Ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 207-234. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Yayınları, 2013.
  • “Evlilik Töreni”. Erişim: 1 Şubat 2018. http://www.sevivon.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1288.
  • Firestone, Reuven. “Jerusalem: Jerusalem in Judaism, Christianity and Islam”. Encyclopedia of Religion (Second Edition). Ed. Lindsay Jones. 7: 4838-4841. 14 Cilt. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
  • Firestone, Reuven. Yahudiliği Anlamak: İbrahim’in/Avram’ın Çocukları. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Forta, Arye. Judaism. Oxford: Heinemann, 1995.
  • Gerber, Alan Jay. “Birkat HaMazon and Jerusalem”. The Jewish Star. 2017.
  • Glatzer, Nahum Norbert. Franz Rosenzweig: His Life and Thought. Indianapolis, Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.
  • Gutin, Jules A. Rejoice with Jerusalem. New York: United Synagogue Youth, 1984.
  • Güç, Ahmet. “Dinlerde Kıble Anlayışı”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11/22 (2002): 1-30.
  • Güngör, Muhammed. Yahudilik Açısından Süleyman Mabedi. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2014.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları, 2008.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Sünnet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38: 155-157. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Yahudiliğin Kudüs’e Bakışı: Tarih ile Mit Arasında Kudüs”. Erişim: 15 Şubat2018.https://www.academia.edu/35767191/Yahudiliğin_Kudüse_Bakışı_Tarih_ile_Mit_Arasında_Kudüs_The_Jewish_approach_to_Jerusalem_the_holy_city_between_history_and_myth.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Kudüs”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22: 323-327. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Yahudilik I”. Yaşayan Dünya Dinleri. 128-153. Ed. Ali Erbaş. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013.
  • Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Tanah’ta Kudüs’ün Kutsallaşma Süreci”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 24/22 (2015): 125-148.
  • Heiler, Friedrich. Prayer: A Study in the History and Pschology of Religion. Trans.- Ed. Samuel McComb. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1932.
  • Herr, Moshe David. “Hanukkah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 8: 331-333. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Hirsch, Emil G. “Shemoneh ‘Esreh”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. 10: 270-282. 12 Cilt. New York, London: Funk and Wagnals Company, 1905.
  • Hoffman, Lawrence A. “Glossary”. My People's Prayer Book, Traditionals Prayers, Modern Commentaries: The Amidah. Ed. Lawrence A. Hoffman. 2: 201- 213. 10 Cilt. Woodstock: Jewish Lihgts Publishing, 2003.
  • Hoppe, Leslie J. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament: Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1991.
  • Jacobs, Louis. “Rosh Ha-Shanah”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). Ed. Fred Skolnik. 17: 463-466. 22 Cilt. London: Macmillan Reference, 2007.
  • Kadden, Bruce- Kadden, Barbara Binder. Teaching Tefilah: Insights and Activities on Prayer. Denver, Colorado: A.R.E. Publishing, Inc., 2004.
  • Katar, Mehmet. “Dinlerde Günlük İbadet Uygulamaları”. Dini Araştırmalar 1/1 (1998): 59-75.
  • Keene, Michael. This is Judaism. Cheltenham: Stanley Tornes Publishers, 1996.
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There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şevket Özcan 0000-0002-9019-6507

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 18 Issue: 35

Cite

ISNAD Özcan, Şevket. “Yahudi Dualarında Kudüs”. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/35 (June 2019), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.465775.

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