İslamiyet, tarih sahnesine
çıkışından kısa bir süre sonra bu yeni dini kendilerine en büyük rakip olarak
gören diğer din mensubu çevrelerin hedefi haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Kısa süre
içerisinde İslam’ın Arap Yarımadası’ndan Çin’e ve Ortadoğu’dan Avrupa içlerine
kadar yayılması neticesinde başta Hıristiyanlık olmak üzere gayrimüslim dünya
İslam’a karşı bir mücadele içerisine girmişlerdir. Girişilen bu mücadele siyasi
ve askeri alanda olduğu gibi, ilmî ve kültürel alanda da kendisini göstermeye
başlamış ve yalnızca dinin kendisine karşı değil onu tebliğ eden peygamberine
yani Hz. Muhammed’e karşı da yürütülmüştür.
İslam’ın Doğu’da ve Batı’da kısa
zaman içerisinde hızlı bir ilerleyiş sağlaması, Batı toplumunun dikkatlerini bu
yeni din üzerine çekti ve onları İslam ve İslâmî ilimler üzerinde birtakım
araştırmalara sevk etti. Ancak Avrupalıların bu ilgisi İslam’a olan hayranlıklarından
değil, onu yakından tanımak suretiyle hem İslam’a hem de Müslümanlara zarar
vermek istemelerinden ileri gelmekteydi. İşte bu doğrultuda Batı dünyası, İslam
peygamberi Hz. Muhammed’i küçük düşürmek için haksız ithamlarla karalamaya
çalışmışlar ve bu yönde çok sayıda eser yazmışlardır. Bu noktada en çok
kullandıkları konu ise Hz. Peygamber’in aile hayatı olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’in
çok eşliliği ve özellikle de evlatlığı Zeyd b. Hârise’nin boşamış olduğu hanımı
Zeyneb bint Cahş ile gerçekleştirdiği evlilik, Batılı yazarlar tarafından Hz.
Peygamber’i ve onun özelinde de İslamiyet’i eleştiri ve hatta İslam’a saldırı
amacıyla kullanılmıştır. İşte bu şekilde Hz. Peygamber ve İslamiyet hakkında
tarihî gerçekleri çarpıtarak bir eser ortaya koyanlardan birisi de Fransız
yazar Voltaire olmuştur. Voltaire’in kaleme aldığı ve birkaç kez Avrupa
tiyatrolarında da sahnelenen Le Fanatisme
ou Mahomet le Prophete Tragedie / Fanatizm veya Peygamber Muhammed’in
Bağnazlığı adlı piyesi başta Osmanlı kamuoyu olmak üzere
İslam toplumunda büyük bir infial uyandırmıştır. Bu araştırmamızda konuyla
ilgili rivayetler ve yorumlar üzerinden Osmanlı’nın son döneminde yazılmış veya
bu dönemde yetişmiş müelliflerin Cumhuriyet döneminde kaleme almış olduğu
eserlerde konuya nasıl yaklaşıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılacak ve onların bir
değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.
Abstract
As it is known, shortly after its appearance
on the stage of Islam, Islam has become the target of other religious circles,
who regard this new religion as their greatest rival. As a result of the spread
of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula to China and from the Middle East to
Europe, the non-Muslim world, especially Christianity, entered into a struggle
against Islam. This struggle began to manifest itself in the scientific and
cultural spheres as well as in the political and military spheres, and not only
against the religion itself, but also against the Prophet Muhammad.
The rapid progress of Islam in the East and
the West in a short period of time drew the attention of Western society to
this new religion and led them to research on Islam and Islamic sciences. However,
this interest of Europeans was not due to their admiration of Islam, but
because they wanted to harm both Islam and Muslims by getting to know the
religion closely. In this direction, the Western world tried to defame the Prophet
Muhammad with unfair accusations and wrote many works for this. The subject
they used most was the family life of the Prophet Muhammad. The polygamy of the
Prophet Muhammad and especially his marriage with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who had
been divorced by his adopted son Zayd b. Harithah, was described by Western
writers and it was used to criticize Muhammad and Islam and even to attack
Islam. In this way, one of the authors who distorted the truth about the Prophet
Muhammad and Islam is the
French writer Voltaire. Voltaire’s play Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le Prophete Tragedie / Mahomet
the Prophet or Fanaticism, which has
been staged several times in European theaters, has aroused great indignation
in Islamic society, especially in the Ottoman public. In this research, the
rumors and comments about the subject were tried to be evaluated.
Summary
Shortly after its appearance on the World
stage, Islam became the target of other religious circles, who regarded this
new religion as their greatest rival. As a result of the spread of Islam from
the Arabian Peninsula to China and from the Middle East to Europe, the
non-Muslim world, especially Christianity, entered into a struggle against
Islam. This struggle began to manifest itself in the scientific and cultural
spheres as well as in the political and military spheres and was targeted not
only against the religion itself but also against the Prophet Muhammad.
The rapid progress of Islam in the East and
the West in a short period of time drew the attention of Western society to
this new religion and led them to research Islam and Islamic sciences. However,
this interest of the Europeans was not due to their admiration of Islam, but it
was because they wanted to harm both Islam and Muslims by getting to know the
religion closely. This way, the Western world tried to defame the Prophet Mohammad with
unfair accusations and produced many works on this subject. The subject they
used most was the family life of the Prophet Muhammad. The polygamy of the
Prophet Muhammad and especially his marriage with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who had
been divorced by his adopted son Zayd b. Harithah was described by Western
writers and it was used to criticize Muhammad and Islam and even to attack Islam. One of the authors who distorted
the truth about Muhammad and Islam in this regard is the French writer
Voltaire. Voltaire’s play Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le Prophete
Tragedie / Mahomet the Prophet or Fanaticism, which has been staged several times in European theaters, has aroused
great indignation in Islamic society, especially in the Ottoman public.
Zaynab bint Jahsh is the daughter of Prophet Muhammad’s aunt. Whereas Zayd b. Harithah is Mohammed’s freed slave. After his
release from slavery, Mohammed adopted him. Prophet Muhammad married Zayd to Zaynab. But this marriage didn’t last
long and Zayd and Zaynab got divorced. A few months later, Prophet Muhammad received a revelation from Allah that ordered him to
marry Zaynab. In this verse, the Quran aims to eliminate the situation which it
is forbidden to marry the adopted son’s divorced wife in ancient Arab
traditions. Muhammad married
Zaynab after Allah’s command and this Arabic tradition has disappeared.
The marriage of Mohammed and Zaynab was to be much
discussed by the orientalists in the following centuries. Orientalists
manipulated this issue to attack Islam. It was often claimed that the
permission to marry an adopted son’s divorced wife was only declared because
Muhammad wanted to marry Zaynab. But this is a definite slander of the
orientalists. Because, if Muhammad’s real wish was to marry Zaynab he would
have done this a long time ago.
Many orientalists made false claims about Muhammad’s
marriage to Zaynab. The French writer Voltaire also wrote a play about this
event. Voltaire wrote this theater play about Prophet Muhammad, his
adopted son Zayd and Zayd’s divorced wife Zaynab who married the Prophet Muhammad after being divorced by Zayd. It was written based on
the marriage of the Prophet and Zaynab. This work of Voltaire, which continued
to be discussed both in his own period and in the later years, in set in an
exotic land, with false identities, that describes an illegal play of love,
long-lost fathers and children find each other and all are described as a
complex tale that leads to murder or suicide.
In this work, Voltaire described Muhammad in very
humiliating terms. In the West, the idea of Prophet Muhammad was already
negative. Voltaire’s play seems to have increased the negativity of Muhammad’s
perception much further. Therefore, there have been great reactions and
objections to this theater play in Islamic society.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 |