Abstract
Turning staff into a snake is the first miracle, which is given to Moses. In Turkey, there are limited studies on the subject and these are done generally by focusing on Qur'an and Torah. However, the fact that the miracle took place in Ancient Egypt necessitates examining it in the context of the religious, cultural, and social life of Ancient Egypt. On the other hand, in the West, the issue is studied focusing on the Torah and Ancient Egyptian resources by ignoring the Qur’an. However, in this article, turning the staff into a snake will be discussed in the context of Ancient Egyptian culture focusing on the etymology of the keywords used in the Qur’an and the Torah. Therefore, it has a complementary aspect for the studies on the field.
According to the Qur’an, turning the staff into a snake happened three times, whereas according to the Torah, it was taken place only twice. In the Qur'an, the expressions of sehara (magicians), sāhirin ‘alīm (wise/learned magicians) or sehhārin ‘alīm (wise/learned magicians) are used for magicians. On the other hand, in the Torah, magicians are expressed with the word hartummim (magicians). According to researchers, the word hartummim is derived from the Late Egyptian word hery-tep, which is the abbreviated form of word khery-hebet hery-tep. That is why it is claimed that the Egyptian magicians who came across Moses and Aaron were khery hebet priests. In Egyptian literature, khery hebets were described as wise people. They are called with the expression rekh khet (wise) which indicates that they are professional magicians. The expression of rekh khet is similar to Qur’anic usage of sāhirin ‘alīm or sehhārin ‘alīm and also Torahic usage of hahamim hartummim (wise magicians). Moreover, after Moses turned the staff into a snake and performed white hand miracles, pharaoh described him as a wise magician. This means that Moses might have been identified with khery hebet priests by the pharaoh. In other words, the pharaoh and eminent around him have considered Moses as a wise magician.
Moses' staff is an important tool to understand how the Egyptians perceived him. The staffs of Moses and magicians are expressed in the Qur'an as ‘asā and in the Torah as matte. Considering the usage of staff both in the context of working as a shepherd and magic, it is suitable to think that the staff of Moses is most probably hekat scepter, which is the symbol of government and authority in Egyptian iconography. In the Qur’an, God gives Moses authority and sends him with a sultānin mubīn beside miracles. Probably sultānin mubīn signifies hekat scepter. Namely, by equipping Moses with his vizier and his staff, God prepares and sends him to the pharaoh as a ruler.
Different words are used for the snake in the Torah and the Qur'an. The snake, which appeared for the first time, is expressed in the Qur’an with the word hayyetun tes‘ā (a snake, moving swiftly). However, for the first snake the Qur'an also uses the word cān. Cān probably has a synonym meaning with tes‘ā and points to the feature of the snake rather than species of snake. With the terms cān and tes‘ā, God indicates a feature of snake, which is being quickly, and with the term hayye, he indicates species of snake. On the other hand, in the Torah, the snake is expressed with the term nahash, which is similar to hayye.
During the first encounter of Moses with the pharaoh, the staff turned into su‘bān, namely uraeus, which is an important symbol in the royal iconography of Egypt. This situation shows that in order to clarify the position of Moses before the pharaoh, this miracle is given to him in the beginning. With this miracle, Moses is presented as equal to the pharaoh. Because of that, the pharaoh considers arrival of Moses as a political coup.
Although the Qur’an does not use any specific term for the snake in the last transformation, the Torah uses the word tannin. Tannin probably corresponds to the Apep/Apophis in Egyptian culture. The use of the same expression for the snake, in which both the magicians and Moses' staffs turned, gives the impression that both sides dominate the Apep, which is representative of chaos and threatens order (maat). In addition, turning the staff into Apep during mid-morning and being swallowed the staffs of magicians target God Ra and the magicians’ authority. That is why the Egyptians also consider the arrival of Moses as a religious coup. Besides, most probably turning the staff into a snake in front of the public in yevmu’z-zīne presents the beginning of the public declaration.