Abstract
Society is a human construction; a system of meaning is established in this built world, as well as an order with reference to it. The sociality of man is also an expression of his desire and tendency towards the construction of nomos. His relationship with society is interactive in the sense that it is a stage in a long story. Mankind becomes effective in the formation of the world with the meaning codes and knowledge stocks they have internalized in the world in which they exist. Religion is the most fundamental element of their attempt to establish and maintain this world. Religion functions as a reference for meaning, especially in marginal periods, just as it did in ordinary times. The marginal situation experienced with the COVID-19 pandemic today faces the desire to be explained and interpreted in line with the human tendency of finding an explanation of events that are the source of pain and suffering. Although it is essentially a philosophical debate, in essence, it has been the subject of sociology since leading sociologists and for the first time discussed by Max Weber on social ground. In this study, the question of theodicy in the phenomenological approaches of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann and the place and function of marginal situations in the human search for meaning are questioned. In this context, the findings obtained through the documentation method are evaluated on the basis of the primary claim of the study. As a result, it is determined that individuals and groups do not establish a world based only on felicific events, and marginal experiences such as death, epidemic, pain, and suffering also function as a source of meaning.
Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann specifically place the issue of meaning, which is the crossroads of the sociology of religion and sociology of knowledge, at the center of their theories. Both the efforts to understand today's epidemic experience and the explanation suggestion of approaches of the theorists in understanding these efforts in sociology shape the problem of this study. Thus, in this study, the issue of meaning in times of crisis has been problematized to test the assertion that "human life does not produce meaning based on events that are only sources of happiness, and marginal experiences are also sources of meaning". According to Berger and Luckmann, the main function of religion is to make sense of the experiences of daily life. Focusing on the notion of order as well as threats to it, this attempt to make sense is collective, not individual; the product it produces is “thin and fragile” and therefore “must be rebuilt continuously. Berger focuses on the function of religion in the context of legitimizing suffering, and according to him, “religion does what a worldview does; justifying the shocking experiences.” Luckmann, on the other hand, focuses on the concept of world view in internalizing the meaning world of the given society and explaining its experiences with it.
Since there is no religious institutional monopoly in modern societies, the individuals have to make their own choice of meaning in pluralism. The meaning crisis, which is especially on the agenda in major events, especially in the current epidemic experience, has a distinctive form for the religious field. The way people make sense of their marginal experiences is shaped by reference to a community of meanings. The existence of a purely individual meaning-world is being questioned. The link between the crisis of meaning and theodicy, the search for an explanation that will be the source of the power to endure the suffering of everyday life, and the demands for its enabler nature are remarkable. The interpretations that define today's society as a risk society also define a ground for understanding the issue of theodicy through the risk argument. A meaningful world means a home for Berger; meaningful, orderly, and safe. “The history of humanity is a history of suffering,” says Berger, pointing to the power of nature's suffering, including the epidemic, to shape the story, as it is today. In the final analysis, as seen in Berger and Luckmann's theories, the current COVID-19 outbreak represents an experience in which people seek an explanation and want to make sense of it; this endless effort seems indispensable in the context of the human feeling at home.