Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Prospective Comparative Evaluation of Wagner, Pedis, and Texas Classification Systems in Predicting Outcomes of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 358 - 368, 13.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1684061

Abstract

Objective:
This study aims to compare the effectiveness of three classification systems—Wagner, PEDIS, and Texas—in predicting treatment outcomes and amputation risk in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with DFUs, accurate prognostic tools are essential for guiding management and reducing limb loss.
Material and method:
A total of 121 patients diagnosed with DFUs between 2018 and 2020 at Hitit University Faculty of Medicine were prospectively enrolled. Data collected included demographics, wound characteristics, ankle-brachial index (ABI), radiological findings, neuropathy status, and laboratory results. Patients were classified according to Wagner, PEDIS, and Texas systems. The relationship between classification results and clinical outcomes, such as healing and amputation, was analyzed using statistical methods, with significance set at p<0.05.
Results:
The PEDIS system with a cutoff value of 7.5 effectively distinguished between healing and amputation cases. Wagner grade 4 and above significantly predicted higher amputation risk (AUC=0.728; P<0.001). Patients with ABI <0.9 showed a 50.9% amputation rate, compared to 23.5% in those with ABI ≥0.9. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio correlated with infection and higher amputation risk. Male gender, advanced age, and elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios increased the likelihood of limb loss.
Conclusion:
While PEDIS was more effective in differentiating healing from amputation, Wagner better predicted amputation risk. A lower ABI and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were associated with worse outcomes. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive, universally applicable classification system that incorporates clinical and laboratory parameters to optimize patient management and reduce amputations.

References

  • Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med 2017;49(2):106–116.
  • Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med 2017;376(24):2367–2375.
  • Abetz L, Sutton M, Brady L, McNulty P, Gagnon DD. The Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS): a quality of life instrument for use in clinical trials. Pract Diab Int 2002;19:167–175.
  • Leone S, Pascale R, Vitale M, Esposito S. Epidemiologia del piede diabetico [Epidemiology of diabetic foot]. Infez Med 2012;20 Suppl 1:8–13.
  • Shahi SK, Kumar A, Kumar S et al. Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk factors in diabetic patients from North India. J Diabetic Foot Complications 2012;4:83–91.
  • Richard JL, Schuldiner S. Epidémiologie du pied diabétique [Epidemiology of diabetic foot problems]. Rev Med Interne 2008;2:S222–230.
  • Rice JB, Desai U, Cummings AK, Birnbaum HG, Skornicki M, Parsons NB. Burden of diabetic foot ulcers for Medicare and private insurers. Diabetes Care 2014;37(3):651–658.
  • Singh S, Pai DR, Yuhhui C. Diabetic foot ulcer—diagnosis and management. Clin Res Foot Ankle 2013;1:120.
  • Lepäntalo M, Apelqvist J, Setacci C, et al. Chapter V: Diabetic foot. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42:S60–74.
  • Game F. Classification of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016;32:186–194.
  • Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 1990;13:513–521.
  • Chadwick P, Jeffcoate W, McIntosh C. How can we improve the care of the diabetic foot? Wounds UK 2008;4:144–148.
  • McCardle J, Chadwick P, Leese G et al. Podiatry competency framework for integrated diabetic foot care: a user’s guide. 2012;28:1–28.
  • Oyibo SO, Jude EB, Tarawneh I, Nguyen HC, Harkless LB, Boulton AJ. A comparison of two diabetic foot ulcer classification systems: the Wagner and the University of Texas wound classification systems. Diabetes Care 2001;24:84–88.
  • Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Harkless LB. Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation. Diabetes Care 1998;21:855–859.
  • Chuan F, Tang K, Jiang P, Zhou B, He X. Reliability and validity of the PEDIS classification system and score in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124739.
  • Aerden D, Massaad D, von Kemp K, et al. The ankle–brachial index and the diabetic foot: a troublesome marriage. Ann Vasc Surg 2011;25:770–777.
  • Li H, Lu X, Gao Y, Yang W, Dong P, Zheng J. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcer. J Diabetes Res 2020;2020:4217636.
  • Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Murdoch DP, Peters EJ, Lipsky BA. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s diabetic foot infection classification system. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:562–565.
  • Yekta Z, Pourali R, Nezhadrahim R, Ravanyar L, Ghasemi-Rad M. Clinical and behavioral factors associated with management outcome in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2011;4:371–375.
  • Sun JH, Tsai JS, Huang CH, et al. Risk factors for lower extremity amputation in diabetic foot disease categorized by Wagner classification. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;95:358–363.
  • Jeon BJ, Choi HJ, Kang JS, Tak MS, Park ES. Comparison of five systems of classification of diabetic foot ulcers and predictive factors for amputation. Int Wound J 2017;14:537–545.

Diyabetik Ayak Ülserlerinin Sonuçlarını Tahmin Etmede Wagner, PEDIS ve Texas Sınıflandırma Sistemlerinin Prospektif Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 358 - 368, 13.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1684061

Abstract

Amaç:Diyabetik ayak ülserleri (DFU), diyabetli belirtilerin ciddi bakımları ve tedavisiz amputasyona yol açılabilir.DFU'ların yönetimi, ciddiyetine göre kayıtlı tedavi yöntemleriyle doğrudan özellikleri. DFU'ların tedavisinde ve kullanılan sistemlerde, lezyonun ciddiyetini değerlendirmede, tedavinin düzenlenmesinde ve prognoz tahmininde önemli rol oynar.Bu çalışma, Wagner, PEDIS ve Texas sistemlerini tedavi sonuçları ve klinik prognoz açısından karşılaştırmaktadır.
Gereç ve yöntemler:Hitit Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi'nde 2018-2020 yılları arasında DFU tanısı konulan ve izlenen toplam 121 hasta bu çalışmaya dahil edildi.Demografik veriler, yara özellikleri, ayak bileği-kol indeksi (ABI) ölçümleri, radyolojik bulgular, nöropati varlığı ve laboratuvar sonuçları prospektif olarak analiz edildi.Hastalar Wagner, PEDIS ve Texas sistemlerine göre sınıflandırıldı.Her hastanın sistemi iyileşmesi ve amputasyon sonuçları perspektiften analiz edildi.Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edildi.
Bulgular:PEDIS skorlama sistemi, iyileşme ve ampütasyon farklılıkları farklılık göstermede anlamlı bulunan 7,5'lik bir kesim noktası belirlendi.Wagner iyileşmesi da iyileşmeyi amputasyondan ayırmada anlamlı bulundu; 4. derece ve üzeri, yüksek amputasyon riski taşıyordu (AUC = 0.728; P < 0.001). ABI değeri <0.9 olan bağımsız amputasyon oranı %50.9 iken, ABI değeri ≥0.9 olanlarda bu oran %23.5 idi.
Sonuç:PEDIS skorlama sistemi, iyileşme ve amputasyonu ayırmada daha belirgin bulunurken, Wagner'in tükenmesi ise amputasyon riskini tahmin etmede daha etkiliydi.Ayrıca, düşük ABI değeri daha yüksek ampütasyon riski ile ilişkilidir ve nötrofil-lenfosit hücrelerin varlığı ile mevcut olduğu bulunmuştur.Erkek cinsiyet, ileri yaş ve yüksek nötrofil-lenfosit oranı, amputasyon riskinin artmasının faktörleri olarak belirlendi.Prognostik değerlendirmeyi iyileştirme, tedavi rehberliği ve sağlık profesyonelleri arasında evrensel uygulanabilirliği sağlamak için yeni bir üreme sistemine ihtiyaç vardır.Bu nedenle, pratik deneyime dayalı olarak klinik açıdan belirlenmiş oranlar içeren yeni bir skorlama sistemi kullanılabilir.

References

  • Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med 2017;49(2):106–116.
  • Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med 2017;376(24):2367–2375.
  • Abetz L, Sutton M, Brady L, McNulty P, Gagnon DD. The Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS): a quality of life instrument for use in clinical trials. Pract Diab Int 2002;19:167–175.
  • Leone S, Pascale R, Vitale M, Esposito S. Epidemiologia del piede diabetico [Epidemiology of diabetic foot]. Infez Med 2012;20 Suppl 1:8–13.
  • Shahi SK, Kumar A, Kumar S et al. Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk factors in diabetic patients from North India. J Diabetic Foot Complications 2012;4:83–91.
  • Richard JL, Schuldiner S. Epidémiologie du pied diabétique [Epidemiology of diabetic foot problems]. Rev Med Interne 2008;2:S222–230.
  • Rice JB, Desai U, Cummings AK, Birnbaum HG, Skornicki M, Parsons NB. Burden of diabetic foot ulcers for Medicare and private insurers. Diabetes Care 2014;37(3):651–658.
  • Singh S, Pai DR, Yuhhui C. Diabetic foot ulcer—diagnosis and management. Clin Res Foot Ankle 2013;1:120.
  • Lepäntalo M, Apelqvist J, Setacci C, et al. Chapter V: Diabetic foot. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42:S60–74.
  • Game F. Classification of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016;32:186–194.
  • Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 1990;13:513–521.
  • Chadwick P, Jeffcoate W, McIntosh C. How can we improve the care of the diabetic foot? Wounds UK 2008;4:144–148.
  • McCardle J, Chadwick P, Leese G et al. Podiatry competency framework for integrated diabetic foot care: a user’s guide. 2012;28:1–28.
  • Oyibo SO, Jude EB, Tarawneh I, Nguyen HC, Harkless LB, Boulton AJ. A comparison of two diabetic foot ulcer classification systems: the Wagner and the University of Texas wound classification systems. Diabetes Care 2001;24:84–88.
  • Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Harkless LB. Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation. Diabetes Care 1998;21:855–859.
  • Chuan F, Tang K, Jiang P, Zhou B, He X. Reliability and validity of the PEDIS classification system and score in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124739.
  • Aerden D, Massaad D, von Kemp K, et al. The ankle–brachial index and the diabetic foot: a troublesome marriage. Ann Vasc Surg 2011;25:770–777.
  • Li H, Lu X, Gao Y, Yang W, Dong P, Zheng J. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcer. J Diabetes Res 2020;2020:4217636.
  • Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Murdoch DP, Peters EJ, Lipsky BA. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s diabetic foot infection classification system. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:562–565.
  • Yekta Z, Pourali R, Nezhadrahim R, Ravanyar L, Ghasemi-Rad M. Clinical and behavioral factors associated with management outcome in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2011;4:371–375.
  • Sun JH, Tsai JS, Huang CH, et al. Risk factors for lower extremity amputation in diabetic foot disease categorized by Wagner classification. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;95:358–363.
  • Jeon BJ, Choi HJ, Kang JS, Tak MS, Park ES. Comparison of five systems of classification of diabetic foot ulcers and predictive factors for amputation. Int Wound J 2017;14:537–545.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Surgery
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İsmail Sezikli 0000-0002-6801-1465

Ramazan Topcu 0000-0001-6214-4868

Emre Demir 0000-0002-3834-3864

Murat Kendirci 0000-0002-6594-3777

Publication Date October 13, 2025
Submission Date May 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Sezikli İ, Topcu R, Demir E, Kendirci M. Prospective Comparative Evaluation of Wagner, Pedis, and Texas Classification Systems in Predicting Outcomes of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Hitit Medical Journal. October 2025;7(3):358-368. doi:10.52827/hititmedj.1684061