Uluslararası hukuk perspektifinden Türkiye’de geçici koruma altındaki Suriyelilerin geri dönüşü: karşılaştırmalı deneyimler ışığında bir değerlendirme

Öz

Aralık 2024’te Suriye’deki savaşın resmen sona erdiğinin ilanı, Türkiye’de geçici koruma altındaki milyonlarca Suriyelinin geri dönüş ihtimalini yeniden ulusal ve uluslararası tartışmaların merkezine taşımıştır. Bu çalışma, geri dönüş olgusunu uluslararası hukuk perspektifinden ele alarak 1951 Mülteci Sözleşmesi’nin statünün sona erdirilmesine dair hükümleri, geri göndermeme kuralı ve BMMYK’nin gönüllülük, güvenlik ve onur ilkeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi tartışmakta; geçici koruma statüsünün sona erdirilmesine ilişkin hukuki sınırları ve imkanları değerlendirmektedir. Makalede, Bosnalı mültecilerin Almanya’dan geri dönüş deneyimlerinin ve Ukraynalı mültecilere yönelik AB geçici koruma rejiminin karşılaştırmalı bir incelemesi üzerinden, geçici korumanın sonlandırılmasına dair hukuki ve pratik belirsizlikler tartışılmaktadır. Son bölümde Türkiye’nin Suriyelilere yönelik geçici koruma rejimi, 1951 Mülteci Sözleşmesi’ne koyduğu coğrafi çekince ve ulusal mevzuat temelinde değerlendirilmekte, bu özel hukuki statünün geri dönüş planlamaları üzerindeki hukuki ve pratik etkileri analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye özelinde yürütülen dönüş tartışmalarına normatif ilkeler ve uygulama arasındaki gerilimi görünür kılan, eleştirel ve yapıcı bir katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geri dönüş
• gönüllü geri dönüş
• geçici koruma
• mülteci hukuku
• uluslararası hukuk
• Suriyeliler

An international law perspective on the return of Syrians under temporary protection in Türkiye: an assessment based on comparative experiences

Abstract

The official declaration of the end of the war in Syria in December 2024 has once again brought the prospect of return for millions of Syrians under temporary protection in Türkiye to the forefront of national and international debates. This article delves into the question of return from the perspective of international law, discussing the relationship between the cessation clauses of the 1951 Refugee Convention, the principle of non-refoulement, and UNHCR’s standards of voluntariness, safety, and dignity. It further evaluates the legal limits and possibilities concerning the termination of temporary protection. Drawing on a comparative analysis of the repatriation of Bosnian refugees from Germany in the 1990s and the European Union’s temporary protection regime for Ukrainian refugees, the article highlights the legal and practical uncertainties surrounding the termination of temporary protection. The final section focuses on Türkiye’s temporary protection regime for Syrians, assessing its foundations in the geographical limitation to the 1951 Refugee Convention and domestic legislation, and analysing the legal and practical implications of this special status for return planning. The study aims to offer a critical yet constructive contribution to debates on return in Türkiye by making visible the tension between law, normative principles and state practices.

Keywords

• Return
• voluntary return
• temporary protection
• refugee law
• international law
• Syrians.

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