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Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions
Abstract
This study examines how the personal and leadership characteristics attributed to Bilge Khagan in the Orkhon Inscriptions align with contemporary conceptualizations of giftedness. As the earliest written monuments of Turkish history, the inscriptions document not only the political and military organization of the Göktürk state but also the cognitive, emotional, and social qualities of its rulers. Using a qualitative document analysis design, the study analyzes Bilge Khagan’s statements based on Muharrem Ergin’s Orhun Abideleri (58th edition) and Vilhelm Thomsen’s translation. The data were coded according to seven domains of giftedness adapted from Baykoç and Porter: general intellectual ability, specific academic aptitude, creativity, leadership, physical development, emotional development, and fine arts. Findings indicate that Bilge Khagan can be associated with characteristics corresponding to all major domains except specific academic aptitude. Within the domain of general intellectual ability, the texts point to strategic foresight, abstraction, adaptive reasoning, and rhetorical fluency. In the creativity domain, the texts suggest divergent problem-solving and innovative practices, including distinctive military strategies and monumental inscriptions. The leadership domain emerges as the most prominent, highlighting transformational and servant leadership qualities such as vision-setting, collective mobilization, justice, and competence-based role distribution. The inscriptions further point to physical resilience, emotional intensity, ethical responsibility, and aesthetic sensitivity. The absence of specific academic aptitude indicators is interpreted in relation to the nomadic sociocultural context of the Göktürks, where formal scholarly achievement was not institutionalized. Overall, the study suggests that Bilge Khagan can be linked to multiple contemporary domains of giftedness within his historical and cultural context, and it contributes to culturally embedded models that move beyond Western-centered paradigms in gifted education.
Keywords
References
- Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
- Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
- Baykoç, N. (2014). Üstün: Akıl, zekâ, deha, yetenek, dâhiler-savantlar gelişimleri ve eğitimleri [Giftedness: Mind, intelligence, genius, talent, prodigies and savants, their development and education]. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
- Ergin, M. (2023). Orhun abideleri [The Orkhon Inscriptions] (58th ed.). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
- Gagné, F. (2004). Transforming gifts into talents: The DMGT as a developmental theory. High Ability Studies, 15(2), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359813042000314682
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Cultural Geography, Pre-Islamic Turkish History, Biography
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
August 31, 2026
Submission Date
February 23, 2026
Acceptance Date
July 21, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 19 Number: 2
APA
Koçak, H. K., & Dülger, E. (2026). Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), 571-584. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1895784
AMA
1.Koçak HK, Dülger E. Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences. 2026;19(2):571-584. doi:10.17218/hititsbd.1895784
Chicago
Koçak, Hatice Kübra, and Esranur Dülger. 2026. “Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s Leadership and Intellectual Profile in the Orkhon Inscriptions”. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences 19 (2): 571-84. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1895784.
EndNote
Koçak HK, Dülger E (August 1, 2026) Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences 19 2 571–584.
IEEE
[1]H. K. Koçak and E. Dülger, “Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions”, Hitit Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 571–584, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.17218/hititsbd.1895784.
ISNAD
Koçak, Hatice Kübra - Dülger, Esranur. “Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s Leadership and Intellectual Profile in the Orkhon Inscriptions”. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences 19/2 (August 1, 2026): 571-584. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1895784.
JAMA
1.Koçak HK, Dülger E. Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences. 2026;19:571–584.
MLA
Koçak, Hatice Kübra, and Esranur Dülger. “Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s Leadership and Intellectual Profile in the Orkhon Inscriptions”. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 19, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 571-84, doi:10.17218/hititsbd.1895784.
Vancouver
1.Hatice Kübra Koçak, Esranur Dülger. Evaluation of Bilge Khagan’s leadership and intellectual profile in the Orkhon inscriptions. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences. 2026 Aug. 1;19(2):571-84. doi:10.17218/hititsbd.1895784