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KÜRESELLEŞME, SANAYİLEŞME VE ŞEHİRLEŞMENİN TÜRKİYE’NİN EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİNE ETKİSİNİN GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ARDL YÖNTEMİYLE İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 208 - 231, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.929092

Öz

Bu çalışmada gelir, enerji tüketimi ve finansal kalkınma gibi kontrol değişkenlerinin yanında küreselleşme, küreselleşmenin alt-göstergeleri (iktisadi, ticari ve finansal küreselleşme), sanayileşme ve şehirleşmenin Türkiye’deki Ekolojik Ayak İzi’ni (EAİ) nasıl etkilediği, genişletilmiş otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (genişletilmiş ARDL) sınır testi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. 1980-2016 dönemini temel alan bu çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular şunlardır: (i) Türkiye’de EAİ için çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi (ÇKEH) geçerli değildir, (ii) enerji tüketimi, EAİ’yi kısa dönemde arttırmaktadır, (iii) sanayileşme ve şehirleşme, çevresel bozulmayı arttırmaktadır, (iv) küreselleşmenin yanında iktisadi, ticari ve finansal küreselleşme de uzun dönemde EAİ’yi azaltmaktadır, (v) kısa dönemde finansal kalkınma, EAİ’yi arttırmaktadır. Bu bulgular çerçevesinde alternatif politika önerileri sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, S. ve Karasoy, A. (2018). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve karbondioksit emisyonu ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (The relationship between foreign direct investments and carbon dioxide emissions: the case of Turkey). Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 501–526. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002507
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  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M. ve Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18565–18582. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 23–42. doi:10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Balibey, M. (2015). Relationships among Co2 emissions, economic growth and foreign direct investment and the EKC hypothesis in Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(4), 1042–1049.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E. ve İlkay, S. Ç. (2020). Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 1087–1100. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06996-w
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  • Bulut, U. (2021). Environmental sustainability in Turkey: an environmental Kuznets curve estimation for ecological footprint. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28(3), 227–237. doi:10.1080/13504509.2020.1793425
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  • Cetin, M. ve Ecevit, E. (2017). The impact of financial development on carbon emissions under the structural breaks: empirical evidence from Turkish economy. International Journal of Economics Perspectives, 11(1), 64–78.
  • Cetin, M., Ecevit, E. ve Yucel, A. G. (2018). Structural breaks, urbanization and CO2 emissions: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 8(2), 122–139. Erişim adresi: http://www.aebrjournal.org/uploads/6/6/2/2/6622240/joaebrjune2018_122_139.pdf
  • Curran, D. (2017). The treadmill of production and the positional economy of consumption. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 54(1), 28–47. doi:10.1111/cars.12137
  • Dar, J. A. Ve Asif, M. (2018). Does financial development improve environmental quality in Turkey? An application of endogenous structural breaks based cointegration approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368–384. doi:10.1108/MEQ-02-2017-0021
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268–283. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cumuiibf/452978
  • Destek, M. A. (2021). Deindustrialization, reindustrialization and environmental degradation: Evidence from ecological footprint of Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126612. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126612
  • Destek, M. A. ve Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, urbanization and environmental degradation in Turkey. International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 03(04), 1550017. doi:10.1142/S2335680415500179
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. doi: 10.2307/1912517
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091–1110. doi:10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K. ve Offermans, A. (2017). The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3), 863–876. doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9769-8
  • Gallagher, K. P. (2009). Economic globalization and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34(1), 279–304. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.021407.092325
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Wermer, P., Wackernagel, M., Niccolucci, V. ve Tiezzi, E. (2011). An exploration of the mathematics behind the ecological footprint. WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering, 249–256. doi:10.2495/978-1-84564-654-7/23
  • Global Footprint Network National Footprint Accounts. (2020). Erişim adresi: http://data.footprintnetwork.org
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S. ve Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2020), 40109–40120. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986–997. doi:10.1002/ijfe.1831
  • Gokmenoglu, K. ve Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706–723. doi:10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
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Examining the Impacts of Globalization, Industrialization, and Urbanization on Turkey’s Ecological Footprint via the Augmented ARDL Approach

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 208 - 231, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.929092

Öz

This study examines the impacts of income, energy consumption, financial development, globalization (economic, trade, and financial globalization), industrialization, and urbanization on Turkey’s ecological footprint (EF) in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis via the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (augmented ARDL) bounds testing approach for the period 1980-2016. The findings of this research are as follows: (i) the EKC hypothesis is not valid in Turkey, (ii) energy consumption intensifies EF in the short-run, (iii) industrialization and urbanization increase environmental degradation, (iv) globalization -including its economic, trade, and financial dimensions- negatively affects EF in the long-run, (v) financial development deteriorates EF in the short-run. Based on these findings, alternative policy recommendations are made.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, S. ve Karasoy, A. (2018). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve karbondioksit emisyonu ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (The relationship between foreign direct investments and carbon dioxide emissions: the case of Turkey). Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 501–526. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002507
  • Al-Rodhan, N. R. F. ve Stoudmann, G. (2006). Definitions of globalization: a comprehensive overview and a proposed definition. In Program on the geopolitical implications of globalization and transnational security definitions (June 19, 2006; GCSP Occasional Papers). Erişim adresi: https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/19462
  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., Mahmood, F., Hafeez, M. ve Ali, N. (2019). Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18565–18582. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Küreselleşmenin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 23–42. doi:10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Balibey, M. (2015). Relationships among Co2 emissions, economic growth and foreign direct investment and the EKC hypothesis in Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(4), 1042–1049.
  • Bilgili, F., Ulucak, R., Koçak, E. ve İlkay, S. Ç. (2020). Does globalization matter for environmental sustainability? Empirical investigation for Turkey by Markov regime switching models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 1087–1100. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06996-w
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy. (2019). Data. Erişim adresi: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
  • Bulut, U. (2021). Environmental sustainability in Turkey: an environmental Kuznets curve estimation for ecological footprint. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28(3), 227–237. doi:10.1080/13504509.2020.1793425
  • Calhoun, C. (2002). Dictionary of the social sciences (C. Calhoun (editör); 1. basım). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195123715.001.0001
  • Cetin, M. ve Ecevit, E. (2017). The impact of financial development on carbon emissions under the structural breaks: empirical evidence from Turkish economy. International Journal of Economics Perspectives, 11(1), 64–78.
  • Cetin, M., Ecevit, E. ve Yucel, A. G. (2018). Structural breaks, urbanization and CO2 emissions: evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 8(2), 122–139. Erişim adresi: http://www.aebrjournal.org/uploads/6/6/2/2/6622240/joaebrjune2018_122_139.pdf
  • Curran, D. (2017). The treadmill of production and the positional economy of consumption. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 54(1), 28–47. doi:10.1111/cars.12137
  • Dar, J. A. Ve Asif, M. (2018). Does financial development improve environmental quality in Turkey? An application of endogenous structural breaks based cointegration approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368–384. doi:10.1108/MEQ-02-2017-0021
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268–283. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cumuiibf/452978
  • Destek, M. A. (2021). Deindustrialization, reindustrialization and environmental degradation: Evidence from ecological footprint of Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126612. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126612
  • Destek, M. A. ve Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, urbanization and environmental degradation in Turkey. International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 03(04), 1550017. doi:10.1142/S2335680415500179
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. doi: 10.2307/1912517
  • Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091–1110. doi:10.1080/00036840500392078
  • Figge, L., Oebels, K. ve Offermans, A. (2017). The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3), 863–876. doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9769-8
  • Gallagher, K. P. (2009). Economic globalization and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34(1), 279–304. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.021407.092325
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Wermer, P., Wackernagel, M., Niccolucci, V. ve Tiezzi, E. (2011). An exploration of the mathematics behind the ecological footprint. WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering, 249–256. doi:10.2495/978-1-84564-654-7/23
  • Global Footprint Network National Footprint Accounts. (2020). Erişim adresi: http://data.footprintnetwork.org
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S. ve Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2020), 40109–40120. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
  • Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986–997. doi:10.1002/ijfe.1831
  • Gokmenoglu, K. ve Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706–723. doi:10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
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  • Mert, M. ve Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2020), 32933–32943. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
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  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K. ve Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: the case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690–16701. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6
  • Ozcan, B., Apergis, N. ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). A revisit of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Turkey: new evidence from bootstrap rolling window causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(2018), 32381–32394. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3165-x
  • Özdemir, B. K. ve Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonları, yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66–86. doi:10.18354/esam.665191
  • Öztürk, S. ve Saygın, S. (2020). Türkiye’de 1974-2016 döneminde yapısal kırılma altında kişi başına reel gelir, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ticari açıklık ve karbon emisyonları arasındaki ilişki. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 69–90. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04
  • Öztürk, Z. ve Öz, D. (2016). The relationship between energy consumption, income, foreign direct investment, and CO2 emissions: the case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 269–288.
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  • Yurtkuran, S. (2020). Türkiye’de çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin testi: Temiz enerji tüketiminin rolü. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2). Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ahbvuibfd/661314
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Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Alper Karasoy 0000-0001-9447-3375

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karasoy, A. (2021). KÜRESELLEŞME, SANAYİLEŞME VE ŞEHİRLEŞMENİN TÜRKİYE’NİN EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİNE ETKİSİNİN GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ARDL YÖNTEMİYLE İNCELENMESİ. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 208-231. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.929092

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