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Proximity or Directional Model of Voting for the Turkish Voter?

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 353 - 365, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1483535

Abstract

Voting behavior is a very complex type of political behavior. Therefore, understanding why voters vote for a particular political party or a candidate requires developing complex models. In 1957, Anthony Downs, who built his model on Hottelings’ and Smithies’ models, argued that political parties’ and candidates’ ideological and issue positions can be expressed on a one-dimensional space. On one hand, it was highly reductionist to argue that political ideas on a particular issue can be expressed this way, on the other, it was highly practical from analytical point of view. Locating parties, candidates and voters on a one-dimensional space according to their ideological or issue positions was then a revolutionaly idea and helped comparing party, candidate and voter ideological and issue positions within and across countries. These models, which were called spatial models of party competition were further developed over time and helped understanding voting behavior. Currently, spatial models of party competition have two major competing models linking voter ideological positions with party ideological positions. Simply, while the proximity model proposes that voters vote for the parties or candidates that hold ideological positions in the political space that are closest to their own, the directional model suggests that the voters vote for the parties or candidates that are on their side of the two-dimensional political spectrum and more extreme than their own while being within the acceptability region. This research aims to test the applicability of these two voting models for the Turkish voter. Türkiye constitutes an interesting case study with its long-term PR electoral system as it was suggested in the extant literature that proximity model is a more appropriate tool to explain voting behavior in Proportional (PR) systems. Thus, we hypothesize that in Türkiye, where a PR electoral system is in effect for parliamentary elections, voter electoral preferences are better explained by the proximity model than the directional model. Our research analyzes Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) data for voters of the four major political parties in Türkiye, the Justice and Development Party (JDP), the Republican People’s Party (RPP), the National Action Party (NAP), and the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). A series of Multiple Linear Regression Analyses were conducted to reveal associations between the dependent and the independent variables. Voter embracement, as expressed as like-dislike of each political party for each voter, is seperately used as the dependent variable for each analysis. Issue distance and issue scalar product were used as key independent variables representing the formulas for the proximity and the directional models, respectively. Additionally, education, age, gender and income were recruited as classical control variables. Comparing explanatory powers of the statistical models showed that, contrary to the findings of MacDonald and his colleagues, the proximity model of voting is a more appropriate tool than the directional model to explain voting behavior in Türkiye. From a macro-political perspective, this finding supports Westholm’s (1997) argument that the PR provides a more appropriate tool to explain voting behavior in PR systems. Yet, it should be noted that further multi-country comperative analyses required for certain results.

References

  • Adams, J., & Merril III, S. (1999). Modeling party strategies and policy representation in multiparty elections: Why are strategies so extreme?. American Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 765-791. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2991834
  • Ames, B. (1995). Electoral rules, constituency pressures, and pork barrel: bases of voting in the Brazilian Congress. The Journal of politics, 57(2), 324-343. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2960309
  • Arikan Akdağ, G. (2016). Rational political parties and electoral games: the AKP's strategic move for the Kurdish vote in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 17(1), 126-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2015.1103188
  • Blais, A., Nadeau, R., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (2001). Measuring strategic voting in multiparty plurality elections. Electoral Studies, 20(3), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00017-2
  • Cox, G. W. (1990). Centripetal and centrifugal incentives in electoral systems. American Journal of Political Science, 34(4), 903-935. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2111465
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Hinich, M. J. (2006). A spatial analysis of Turkish party preferences. Electoral Studies, 25(2), 369-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.06.010
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of political action in a democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), 135-150. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1827369
  • Enelow, J. M., & Hinich, M. J. (1984). The spatial theory of voting: An introduction. CUP Archive
  • Hinich, M. J., & Munger, M. C. (1994). Ideology and the theory of political choice. University of Michigan Press
  • Hinich, M. J., & Pollard, W. (1981). A new approach to the spatial theory of electoral competition. American Journal of Political Science, 25(2), 323-341. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2110856
  • Macdonald, S. E., Listhaug, O., & Rabinowitz, G. (1991). Issues and party support in multiparty systems. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1107-1131. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1963938
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (1995). Political sophistication and models of issue voting, British Journal of Political, 25(4), 453-483. https://www.jstore.org/stable/194129
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (1998). On attempting to rehabilitate the proximity model: Sometimes the patient just can't be helped. The Journal of Politics, 60(3), 653-690. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2647643
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (2001). Sophistry versus science: On further efforts to rehabilitate the proximity model. Journal of Politics, 63(2), 482-500. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2691761
  • Rabinowitz, G., & Macdonald, S. E. (1989). A directional theory of issue voting. American Political Science Review, 83(1), 93-121. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1956436
  • Westholm, A. (1997). Distance versus direction: The illusory defeat of the proximity theory of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 91(4), 865-883

Türk Seçmeni İçin Yakınlık ya da Yön Seçim Modeli?

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 353 - 365, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1483535

Abstract

Oy verme davranışı oldukça karmaşık bir politik davranış türüdür. Bu nedenle seçmenlerin belirli bir politik parti ya da adaya neden oy verdiklerini anlamak karmaşık modeller geliştirmeyi gerektirir. 1957 yılında, Modelini Hottelings ve Smithies'in modelleri üzerine kuran Anthony Downs, siyasi partilerin ve adayların ideolojik ve meseleler üzerindeki konumlarının tek boyutlu bir alanda ifade edilebileceğini savunmuştur. Belirli bir konudaki politik fikirlerin bu şekilde ifade edilebileceğini ileri sürmek bir yandan son derece indirgemeciyken, diğer yandan ise analitik açıdan son derece pratikti. Partileri, adayları ve seçmenleri konumlarına göre tek boyutlu bir alana yerleştirmek zamanı için devrim niteliğinde bir fikirdi ve parti, aday ve seçmenlerin ideolojik ve meseleler üzerindeki konumlarının her bir ülke içinde veya ülkeler arasında karşılaştırılmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Parti rekabetinin uzamsal modelleri olarak adlandırılan bu modeller zaman içinde daha da geliştirilmiş ve oy verme davranışını anlamayı kolaylaştırmıştır. Halihazırda parti rekabetinin uzamsal modelleri seçmenlerin ideolojik konumlarını parti ideolojik konumlarıyla ilişkilendiren iki başlıca rakip modele sahiptir. Basitçe, yakınlık modeli, seçmenlerin siyasi alanda kendilerine en yakın ideolojik pozisyona sahip parti veya adaylara oy vereceklerini önerirken, yön modeli ise seçmenlerin ideolojik yelpazenin kendi tarafında fakat kendilerinden daha uç noktada ancak belirli bir kabul edilebilirlik bölgesi içerisinde bulunan parti veya adaylara oy vereceklerini önermektedir. Bu araştırma, bu iki oy verme modelinin Türk seçmeni için uygulanabilirliğini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut literatürde Nispi Temsil Sistemlerinde (NTS) yakınlık modelinin oy verme davranışını açıklamak için daha uygun bir araç olduğunun önerilmesinden ötürü, Türkiye uzun süredir kullandığı NTS seçim sistemiyle ilginç bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu gerekçeyle, NTS’nin geçerli seçim sistemi olarak kullanıldığı Türkiye’de seçmen davranışının yön modelinden çok yakınlık modeli ile açıklanacağını önermekteyiz. Araştırmamız Türkiye'deki dört büyük siyasi partinin, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP), Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) ve Halkların Demokrasi Partisi (HDP), seçmenlerine ilişkin Karşılaştırmalı Seçim Sistemleri Araştırması (CSES) verilerini analiz etmektedir. Bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmak için bir dizi Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizleri yapılmıştır. Her bir seçmen için her bir siyasi partinin partiyi sevme-sevmeme şeklinde ifade edilen parti kabulü, her analizde bağımlı değişken olarak ayrı ayrı kullanılmıştır. Konu mesafesi ve konu skaler çarpımı, sırasıyla yakınlık ve yön modelleri için formülleri temsil eden temel bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca eğitim, yaş, cinsiyet ve gelir de klasik kontrol değişkenleri olarak alınmıştır. İstatistiki modellerin açıklama güçlerinin karşılaştırması, MacDonald ve meslektaşlarının bulgularının aksine, Türkiye'de oy verme davranışını açıklamada yakınlık modelinin yön modelinden daha uygun bir araç olduğunu göstermiştir. Makro-politik bir bakış açısıyla bakıldığında bu bulgu, Westholm'un (1997) NTS’lerinde yakınlık modelinin oy verme davranışını açıklamada daha uygun bir araç olduğu önerisini doğrulamaktadır. Ancak ifade edilmelidir ki, kesin sonuçlar için çok ülkeli karşılaştırmalı analizlere ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Yukarıda bilgileri yer almakta olan çalışmamızın kamuya açık veri kaynakları kullanılması sebebiyle etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederiz.

Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • Adams, J., & Merril III, S. (1999). Modeling party strategies and policy representation in multiparty elections: Why are strategies so extreme?. American Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 765-791. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2991834
  • Ames, B. (1995). Electoral rules, constituency pressures, and pork barrel: bases of voting in the Brazilian Congress. The Journal of politics, 57(2), 324-343. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2960309
  • Arikan Akdağ, G. (2016). Rational political parties and electoral games: the AKP's strategic move for the Kurdish vote in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 17(1), 126-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2015.1103188
  • Blais, A., Nadeau, R., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (2001). Measuring strategic voting in multiparty plurality elections. Electoral Studies, 20(3), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00017-2
  • Cox, G. W. (1990). Centripetal and centrifugal incentives in electoral systems. American Journal of Political Science, 34(4), 903-935. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2111465
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Hinich, M. J. (2006). A spatial analysis of Turkish party preferences. Electoral Studies, 25(2), 369-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.06.010
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of political action in a democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), 135-150. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1827369
  • Enelow, J. M., & Hinich, M. J. (1984). The spatial theory of voting: An introduction. CUP Archive
  • Hinich, M. J., & Munger, M. C. (1994). Ideology and the theory of political choice. University of Michigan Press
  • Hinich, M. J., & Pollard, W. (1981). A new approach to the spatial theory of electoral competition. American Journal of Political Science, 25(2), 323-341. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2110856
  • Macdonald, S. E., Listhaug, O., & Rabinowitz, G. (1991). Issues and party support in multiparty systems. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1107-1131. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1963938
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (1995). Political sophistication and models of issue voting, British Journal of Political, 25(4), 453-483. https://www.jstore.org/stable/194129
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (1998). On attempting to rehabilitate the proximity model: Sometimes the patient just can't be helped. The Journal of Politics, 60(3), 653-690. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2647643
  • Macdonald, S. E., Rabinowitz, G., & Listhaug, O. (2001). Sophistry versus science: On further efforts to rehabilitate the proximity model. Journal of Politics, 63(2), 482-500. https://www.jstore.org/stable/2691761
  • Rabinowitz, G., & Macdonald, S. E. (1989). A directional theory of issue voting. American Political Science Review, 83(1), 93-121. https://www.jstore.org/stable/1956436
  • Westholm, A. (1997). Distance versus direction: The illusory defeat of the proximity theory of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 91(4), 865-883
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat İnan 0000-0001-7554-6217

Gül Arıkan Akdağ 0000-0003-0132-2055

Early Pub Date August 31, 2024
Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date May 13, 2024
Acceptance Date August 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İnan, M., & Arıkan Akdağ, G. (2024). Proximity or Directional Model of Voting for the Turkish Voter?. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1483535
Hitit Journal of Social Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).