BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2013, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 53 - 84, 28.03.2014

Diren Çakmak

Öz

In the study, Sammy Smooha's model of ethnic democracy is analyzed. The assumptions of the model are examined, the differences of the model from the models of democracy and authoritarian regimes are specified from the point of view of Smooha and based on Smooha's classification among democratic and authoritarian regimes, the critiques toward the model and the responses of Smooha to the critiques are evaluated and whether the model is a proposal of an authoritarian regime is identified. The significance of the study is that it is the first academic research on the model of the ethnic democracy in the political science literature in Turkey

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethnic Democracy Citizenship Herrenvolk Democracy Ethnocracy

Kaynakça

  • BENVENISTI,M.(1987), 1987 Report: Demographic, Economic,Legal,Social and Political Developments in the West Bank, Boulder-Colorado: Westview Press.
  • BIEBER,F. (2005), “Serbia in the 1990s: The Case of an Ethnic Semi-Democracy”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.166-189).
  • BISHARA,A.(2004), “Israel, Palestine and the Question of Citizenship”, http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/events/ lecturesarchive/Bishara.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • BRUBAKER,R.(1992), Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany,Cambridge-Massachussets: Harvard University Press.
  • COLLIER,D.&LEVITSKY,S. (1997), “Democracy with Adjectives:Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research”, World Politics, vol.49, no.3, (pp.430-451).
  • CURIS,R. (2005), “A Model in the Making : The Case of Kosova”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.190-208).
  • DAHL,R.A. (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • DANEL,A. (2009), “A Methodological Critique of Ethnic Democracy”, Journal of Israeli History, vol.28, no:1, (pp.37-54).
  • DI PALMA,G. (1990), To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions, Berkeley-California: University of California Press.
  • DIAMOND,L.& LINZ,J.J.&LIPSET,S.M. (1989), “Preface”, Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America (ed. L.Diamond&J.J.Linz&S.M.Lipset), Boulder-Colorado:Lynne Riener Publishers.
  • DOWTY,A. (1999),“Is Israel Democratic? Substance and Semantics in the ‘Ethnic Democracy’ Debate”, Israel Studies, vol.4, no.2, (pp.1-15).
  • EHRLICH,A. (2004), “Israel, Religion and Peace”, Islam, Judaism and the Political Role of Religions in the Middle East, (ed. J.Bunzl), Gainesville-Florida: University Press of Florida, (pp.166-190).
  • FREEDOM HOUSE (2013), “Freedom In the World-Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance:Selected Data From Freedom House’s Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties”,(ed. A.Puddington), http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf(erişim: 08.12. 2013).
  • FUKUYAMA,F. (1992), The End of History and the Last Man, New York:Free Press.
  • GHANEM,G., ROUHANA,N.N&YIFTACHEL,O. (1998), “Questioning ‘Ethnic Democracy’: A Response to Sammy Smooha”, Israel Studies, vol.3, no.2, (pp.253-267).
  • GAVISON,R. (1999), “Jewish and Democratic? A Rejoinder to the Ethnic Democracy Debate”, Israel Studies, vol.4, no.1, (pp.44-72).
  • HOLLIDAY,G. (2005), “From Ethnic Privileging to Power-Sharing: Ethnic Dominance and Democracy in Macedonia”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.138-165).
  • HUNTINGTON,S.P. (1991), “The Modest Meaning of Democracy”, Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (ed.R.A. Pastor), New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers.
  • HUNTINGTON,S.P. (1993), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • JÄRVE,P. (2000), “Ethnic Democracy and Estonia: Application of Smooha’s Model”, European Center for Minority Issues (ECMI), http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_7.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • JÄRVE,P. (2005), “Re-Independent Estonia”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.60-79).
  • JOPPKE,C. (2008), “Comparative Citizenship: A Restrictive Turn in Europe?”, Law&Ethics of Human Rights, vol.2, no. 1, (online: pp.1-41).
  • KARL,T.L.&SCHMITTER, P.C. (1991), “What Democracy Is….and Is Not”, Journal of Democracy, vol.2, no.3, (pp.75-88).
  • KINSELLA,D.&ROUSSEAU,D.(2009),“Democracy and Conflict Resolution”, Handbook on Conflict Resolution,(ed.J.Bercovitch&V.Kremenyuk&I.W. Zartman),California: Sage Publications,(pp.475-492).
  • KYMLICKA,W. (1995), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Clerondon Press.
  • LIJPHART,A.(1977), Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • LINZ,J.J. (1975), “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes”, Handbook of Political Science, vol.3 (ed.F.I. Greenstein&N.J.Polsby), Reading-Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing,(pp.175-411).
  • LINZ,J.J.&STEPAN,A.(1996),Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation : Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe,Baltimore-London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • LOVEMAN,B. (1994), “Protected Democracies and Military Guardianship: Political Transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol.36, no.2, (pp.105-189).
  • LUSTICK,I. (1979), “Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism versus Control”, World Politics, vol.31, no.3, (pp.325-344).
  • LUSTICK,I. (1980), Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel’s Control of a National Minority, Austin-Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • MCFAUL, M. (2002), “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship:Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World”, World Politics, vol.54, issue 2, (pp.212-244).
  • MCFAUL,M. (2004), “Democracy Promotion as a World Value”, The Washington Quarterly, vol.28, isuue 1, (pp. 147-163).
  • NEUBERGER,B. (2004), “The Arab Minority in Israeli Politics: Between ‘Ethnic Democracy’ and ‘Democratic Integration’,Democracy and Ethnic Conflict:Advancing Peace in Deeply Divided Societies, (ed. A.Guelke), Basingstoke:Pallgrave Macmillan, (pp.52-79).
  • O’DONNEL,G.& SCHMITTER,P.C. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore-London:Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • PELED,Y. (1992), “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of Jewish State”, American Political Science Review, vol.86,no.2, (pp.432-443).
  • PELED,Y.&SHAFIR,G. (1998), “Citizenship and Stratification in an Ethnic Democracy”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.21, no.3, (pp.408-427).
  • PERRY,V. (2005), “Ethnic Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Containing the Spectre?”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.209-239).
  • PRZEWORSKI,A. (1991),Democracy and The Market:Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • PUHLE,H.J.(2005),“Democratic Consolidation & Defective Democracies”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, paper no:47, www.uam.es/centros/derecho/cpolitica/papers.htm (erişim: 08.12.2013 ).
  • SABANADZE,N. (2005), “Georgia’s Ethnic Democracy:Source of Instability”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.115-137).
  • SARTORI,G. (1987), The Theory of Democracy Revisited, New Jersey: Chatham House.
  • SCHÖPFLIN,G.(2000), Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe, London: C.Hurst& Co. Publisher.
  • SMOOHA,S. (1990), “Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of Arab Minority in Israel”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.13, no.3, (pp.389-413).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1992),“Conclusions”, Arabs and Jews in Israel:Change and Continuity in Mutual Tolerance, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/arab&jewinisraelvol2conclu.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.&HANF,T.(1992),“The Diverse Modes of Conflict Regulation in Deeply Dividided Societies”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol.33, issue 1,(pp.26-47).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1993), “Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in Israel”, Israeli Democracy under Stress, (ed.E.Sprinzak&L.Diamond), Boulder-London:Lynne Rienner Publishers,(pp.309-342).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1997a),“The Viability of Ethnic Democracy as a Mode of Conflict Management: Comparing Israel and Northern Ireland”, Comparing Jewish Societies (ed. T.Endelman & A.Arbor), Michigan: University of Michigan Press, (pp.267-312).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1997b),“Ethnic Democracy: Israel as an Archetype”, Israel Studies, vol.2, no.2, (pp.198-241).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1999), “Abstract”, Autonomy for Arabs in Israel, Beit Berl: The Institute for Israeli Arab Studies, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/atonomforthearabseng.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.&GHANEM,A.(1999), “Political Islam Among the Arabs in Israel”, Dealing With Difference: Religion, Ethnicity and Politics: Comparing Cases and Concepts (ed.Theodor Hanf), Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellshaft, (pp.143-173).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2001), “The Model of Ethnic Democracy”, European Center for Minority Issues (ECMI), http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_13.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2002a), “Types of Democracy and Modes of Conflict Management in Ethnically Divided Societies”, Nations and Nationalism, vol.8, no.4, (pp.423-431).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2002b),“The Model of Ethnic Democracy: Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State”, Nations and Nationalism, vol.8, no.4, (pp. 475-503).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2004),Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel, Haifa University, The Jewish-Arab Center, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/IndexArabJewishRelations2004.pdf(erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2005a),“The Model of Ethnic Democracy”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.4-59).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2005b), “The Non-Emergence of a Viable Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.239-257).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2005c), “Is Israel Western?”, Comparing Modernities:Pluralism versus Homogeneity: Essays to Homage to Shmuel N. Eisenstadt (ed.E.B. Rafael& Y.Sternberg), Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, (pp.412-442).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2008), “Comparative Citizenship: A Restrictive Turn in Europe and A Restrictive Regime in Israel: Response to Joppke”, Law&Ethics of Human Rights, vol.2, no.1, (online:pp.1-12).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2009),“Israeli Sociology’s Position in International Sociology and the Challenges It Faces”, http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/cna/download/proceedings/21.Smooha.Israel.pdf (erişim 08.12. 2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2010), “Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel”, Washington: United States Institute for Peace, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PW67_Arab-Jewish_Relations_in_Israel.pdf (erişim: 08.12. 2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2013), “A Zionist State, A Binational State and an In Between Jewish and Democratic State”, Contemporary Challenges to the Nation State:Global and Israeli Perspectives (volume 1), (ed. A. Shapira&Y.Z. Stern&A. Yakobson), Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, (chapter 14:pp.206-224).
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  • YIFTACHEL,O.(1999),“Ethnocracy: The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine”,Constellations,vol.6, issue 3, (pp.364-390).
  • YIFTACHEL,O.(2006),Ethnocracy, Land and Identity Politcs in Israel/Palestine, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • YONAH,Y.(2000), “Israel’s Political Stability: A Matter of Principle”, Israel Studies, vol.5, no.2, (pp.128-153).
  • YONAH,Y. (2005), “Israel As A Multicultural Democracy:Challenges and Obstacles”, Israeli Democracy at the Crossroads, (ed.R.Cohen-Almagor), New York:Routledge, (pp.95-116).
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SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 53 - 84, 28.03.2014

Diren Çakmak

Öz

Çalışmada, Sammy Smooha’nın etnik demokrasi modeli incelenmektedir. Modelin varsayımları ele alınmakta, Smooha’nın gözünden ve onun demokratik ve otoriter rejimler sınıflandırmasına bağlı kalınarak modelin demokrasi ve otoriter rejim modellerinden farkına yer verilmekte, modele yönelik eleştiriler, Smooha’nın eleştirilere cevapları değerlendirilmekte ve modelin otoriter rejim önerisi olup olmadığı tespit edilmektedir. Çalışmanın önemi, Türkiye’deki siyaset bilimi literatüründe etnik demokrasi modeli üzerine yapılan ilk akademik araştırma olmasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • BENVENISTI,M.(1987), 1987 Report: Demographic, Economic,Legal,Social and Political Developments in the West Bank, Boulder-Colorado: Westview Press.
  • BIEBER,F. (2005), “Serbia in the 1990s: The Case of an Ethnic Semi-Democracy”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.166-189).
  • BISHARA,A.(2004), “Israel, Palestine and the Question of Citizenship”, http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/events/ lecturesarchive/Bishara.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • BRUBAKER,R.(1992), Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany,Cambridge-Massachussets: Harvard University Press.
  • COLLIER,D.&LEVITSKY,S. (1997), “Democracy with Adjectives:Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research”, World Politics, vol.49, no.3, (pp.430-451).
  • CURIS,R. (2005), “A Model in the Making : The Case of Kosova”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.190-208).
  • DAHL,R.A. (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • DANEL,A. (2009), “A Methodological Critique of Ethnic Democracy”, Journal of Israeli History, vol.28, no:1, (pp.37-54).
  • DI PALMA,G. (1990), To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions, Berkeley-California: University of California Press.
  • DIAMOND,L.& LINZ,J.J.&LIPSET,S.M. (1989), “Preface”, Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America (ed. L.Diamond&J.J.Linz&S.M.Lipset), Boulder-Colorado:Lynne Riener Publishers.
  • DOWTY,A. (1999),“Is Israel Democratic? Substance and Semantics in the ‘Ethnic Democracy’ Debate”, Israel Studies, vol.4, no.2, (pp.1-15).
  • EHRLICH,A. (2004), “Israel, Religion and Peace”, Islam, Judaism and the Political Role of Religions in the Middle East, (ed. J.Bunzl), Gainesville-Florida: University Press of Florida, (pp.166-190).
  • FREEDOM HOUSE (2013), “Freedom In the World-Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance:Selected Data From Freedom House’s Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties”,(ed. A.Puddington), http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf(erişim: 08.12. 2013).
  • FUKUYAMA,F. (1992), The End of History and the Last Man, New York:Free Press.
  • GHANEM,G., ROUHANA,N.N&YIFTACHEL,O. (1998), “Questioning ‘Ethnic Democracy’: A Response to Sammy Smooha”, Israel Studies, vol.3, no.2, (pp.253-267).
  • GAVISON,R. (1999), “Jewish and Democratic? A Rejoinder to the Ethnic Democracy Debate”, Israel Studies, vol.4, no.1, (pp.44-72).
  • HOLLIDAY,G. (2005), “From Ethnic Privileging to Power-Sharing: Ethnic Dominance and Democracy in Macedonia”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.138-165).
  • HUNTINGTON,S.P. (1991), “The Modest Meaning of Democracy”, Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (ed.R.A. Pastor), New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers.
  • HUNTINGTON,S.P. (1993), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • JÄRVE,P. (2000), “Ethnic Democracy and Estonia: Application of Smooha’s Model”, European Center for Minority Issues (ECMI), http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_7.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • JÄRVE,P. (2005), “Re-Independent Estonia”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.60-79).
  • JOPPKE,C. (2008), “Comparative Citizenship: A Restrictive Turn in Europe?”, Law&Ethics of Human Rights, vol.2, no. 1, (online: pp.1-41).
  • KARL,T.L.&SCHMITTER, P.C. (1991), “What Democracy Is….and Is Not”, Journal of Democracy, vol.2, no.3, (pp.75-88).
  • KINSELLA,D.&ROUSSEAU,D.(2009),“Democracy and Conflict Resolution”, Handbook on Conflict Resolution,(ed.J.Bercovitch&V.Kremenyuk&I.W. Zartman),California: Sage Publications,(pp.475-492).
  • KYMLICKA,W. (1995), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Clerondon Press.
  • LIJPHART,A.(1977), Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • LINZ,J.J. (1975), “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes”, Handbook of Political Science, vol.3 (ed.F.I. Greenstein&N.J.Polsby), Reading-Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing,(pp.175-411).
  • LINZ,J.J.&STEPAN,A.(1996),Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation : Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe,Baltimore-London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • LOVEMAN,B. (1994), “Protected Democracies and Military Guardianship: Political Transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol.36, no.2, (pp.105-189).
  • LUSTICK,I. (1979), “Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism versus Control”, World Politics, vol.31, no.3, (pp.325-344).
  • LUSTICK,I. (1980), Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel’s Control of a National Minority, Austin-Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • MCFAUL, M. (2002), “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship:Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World”, World Politics, vol.54, issue 2, (pp.212-244).
  • MCFAUL,M. (2004), “Democracy Promotion as a World Value”, The Washington Quarterly, vol.28, isuue 1, (pp. 147-163).
  • NEUBERGER,B. (2004), “The Arab Minority in Israeli Politics: Between ‘Ethnic Democracy’ and ‘Democratic Integration’,Democracy and Ethnic Conflict:Advancing Peace in Deeply Divided Societies, (ed. A.Guelke), Basingstoke:Pallgrave Macmillan, (pp.52-79).
  • O’DONNEL,G.& SCHMITTER,P.C. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore-London:Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • PELED,Y. (1992), “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of Jewish State”, American Political Science Review, vol.86,no.2, (pp.432-443).
  • PELED,Y.&SHAFIR,G. (1998), “Citizenship and Stratification in an Ethnic Democracy”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.21, no.3, (pp.408-427).
  • PERRY,V. (2005), “Ethnic Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Containing the Spectre?”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.209-239).
  • PRZEWORSKI,A. (1991),Democracy and The Market:Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • PUHLE,H.J.(2005),“Democratic Consolidation & Defective Democracies”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, paper no:47, www.uam.es/centros/derecho/cpolitica/papers.htm (erişim: 08.12.2013 ).
  • SABANADZE,N. (2005), “Georgia’s Ethnic Democracy:Source of Instability”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.115-137).
  • SARTORI,G. (1987), The Theory of Democracy Revisited, New Jersey: Chatham House.
  • SCHÖPFLIN,G.(2000), Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe, London: C.Hurst& Co. Publisher.
  • SMOOHA,S. (1990), “Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of Arab Minority in Israel”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.13, no.3, (pp.389-413).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1992),“Conclusions”, Arabs and Jews in Israel:Change and Continuity in Mutual Tolerance, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/arab&jewinisraelvol2conclu.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.&HANF,T.(1992),“The Diverse Modes of Conflict Regulation in Deeply Dividided Societies”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol.33, issue 1,(pp.26-47).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1993), “Class, Ethnic and National Cleavages and Democracy in Israel”, Israeli Democracy under Stress, (ed.E.Sprinzak&L.Diamond), Boulder-London:Lynne Rienner Publishers,(pp.309-342).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1997a),“The Viability of Ethnic Democracy as a Mode of Conflict Management: Comparing Israel and Northern Ireland”, Comparing Jewish Societies (ed. T.Endelman & A.Arbor), Michigan: University of Michigan Press, (pp.267-312).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1997b),“Ethnic Democracy: Israel as an Archetype”, Israel Studies, vol.2, no.2, (pp.198-241).
  • SMOOHA,S.(1999), “Abstract”, Autonomy for Arabs in Israel, Beit Berl: The Institute for Israeli Arab Studies, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/atonomforthearabseng.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.&GHANEM,A.(1999), “Political Islam Among the Arabs in Israel”, Dealing With Difference: Religion, Ethnicity and Politics: Comparing Cases and Concepts (ed.Theodor Hanf), Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellshaft, (pp.143-173).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2001), “The Model of Ethnic Democracy”, European Center for Minority Issues (ECMI), http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_13.pdf (erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2002a), “Types of Democracy and Modes of Conflict Management in Ethnically Divided Societies”, Nations and Nationalism, vol.8, no.4, (pp.423-431).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2002b),“The Model of Ethnic Democracy: Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State”, Nations and Nationalism, vol.8, no.4, (pp. 475-503).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2004),Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel, Haifa University, The Jewish-Arab Center, http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/download/IndexArabJewishRelations2004.pdf(erişim: 08.12.2013).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2005a),“The Model of Ethnic Democracy”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.4-59).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2005b), “The Non-Emergence of a Viable Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe”, The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post Communist Europe (ed.S. Smooha& P.Järve), Budapest: Open Society Institute, (pp.239-257).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2005c), “Is Israel Western?”, Comparing Modernities:Pluralism versus Homogeneity: Essays to Homage to Shmuel N. Eisenstadt (ed.E.B. Rafael& Y.Sternberg), Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, (pp.412-442).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2008), “Comparative Citizenship: A Restrictive Turn in Europe and A Restrictive Regime in Israel: Response to Joppke”, Law&Ethics of Human Rights, vol.2, no.1, (online:pp.1-12).
  • SMOOHA,S.(2009),“Israeli Sociology’s Position in International Sociology and the Challenges It Faces”, http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/cna/download/proceedings/21.Smooha.Israel.pdf (erişim 08.12. 2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2010), “Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel”, Washington: United States Institute for Peace, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PW67_Arab-Jewish_Relations_in_Israel.pdf (erişim: 08.12. 2013).
  • SMOOHA,S. (2013), “A Zionist State, A Binational State and an In Between Jewish and Democratic State”, Contemporary Challenges to the Nation State:Global and Israeli Perspectives (volume 1), (ed. A. Shapira&Y.Z. Stern&A. Yakobson), Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, (chapter 14:pp.206-224).
  • THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT (2012), “Democracy Index 2012: Democracy at a Standstill”, https://portoncv.gov.cv/dhub/porton.por_global.open_file?p_doc_id=1034 (erişim: 08.12.2013)
  • VANHANEN,T.(1990),The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988, New York:Crane, Russak&Company Inc.
  • VAN DEN BERGHE,P. (1981), The Ethnic Phenomenon,New York: Elsevier Science Publishing.
  • VON BEYME,K. (1996), Transition to Democracy in Eastern Europe, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • YAKOBSON,A.&RUBINSTEIN,A. (2008), Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-State and Human Rights, London:Routledge. (published in Hebrew in 2003,Tel Aviv:Schocken)
  • YIFTACHEL,O. (1992), “The Concept of Ethnic Democracy and Its Applicability Case of Israel”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.15, no.1, (pp.125-136).
  • YIFTACHEL,O.(1999),“Ethnocracy: The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine”,Constellations,vol.6, issue 3, (pp.364-390).
  • YIFTACHEL,O.(2006),Ethnocracy, Land and Identity Politcs in Israel/Palestine, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • YONAH,Y.(2000), “Israel’s Political Stability: A Matter of Principle”, Israel Studies, vol.5, no.2, (pp.128-153).
  • YONAH,Y. (2005), “Israel As A Multicultural Democracy:Challenges and Obstacles”, Israeli Democracy at the Crossroads, (ed.R.Cohen-Almagor), New York:Routledge, (pp.95-116).
  • ZAKARIA,F. (1997), “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy”, Foreign Affairs, vol.76,no.6, (pp.22-43).
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Diren Çakmak

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, D. (2014). SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 53-84.
AMA Çakmak D. SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE. hititsosbil. Mart 2014;6(2):53-84.
Chicago Çakmak, Diren. “SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6, sy. 2 (Mart 2014): 53-84.
EndNote Çakmak D (01 Mart 2014) SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 2 53–84.
IEEE D. Çakmak, “SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE”, hititsosbil, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 53–84, 2014.
ISNAD Çakmak, Diren. “SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6/2 (Mart 2014), 53-84.
JAMA Çakmak D. SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE. hititsosbil. 2014;6:53–84.
MLA Çakmak, Diren. “SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 53-84.
Vancouver Çakmak D. SAMMY SMOOHA’NIN ETNİK DEMOKRASİ MODELİ ÜZERİNE. hititsosbil. 2014;6(2):53-84.