UKRAYNA KRİZİ ve AGSP: AGSP KONUSUNA RETROSPEKTİF BİR BAKIŞ ve 1990-2000 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ BU KONUDAKİ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 54, 131 - 158

Ömer Bedir

Abstract

“Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Kimliği” (AGSK) ile “Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası” (AGSP) kavramları 90’lı yılların başından itibaren BAB (Batı Avrupa Birliği) NATO, AB gibi uluslararası örgütlerin yanı sıra Türkiye'yi de yakından ilgilendiren güncel bir mesele olmuştur. AGSK/AGSP’nin inşası, konu hakkında farklı vizyonları olan ülkeler arasında hararetli tartışmalara sebebiyet vermiştir. AGSK/AGSP bir taraftan Atlantik İttifakı içinde, diğer taraftan eşzamanlı olarak Atlantik İttifakı dışında, diğer bir deyişle AB içerisinde de gelişme göstermiştir. Zaman içinde konuya ilişkin olarak iki karşıt eğilim ortaya çıkmıştır: Atlantikçi vizyon, AGSK/AGSP’yi NATO içinde sınırlandırmak isterken; Avrupacı vizyon ise askeri konularda NATO ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri karşısında daha müstakil hareket edebilme arayışı içerisine girmiştir. 2022 yılında başlayan Ukrayna krizinin ardından, operasyonel bir Avrupa ordusu kurulması ve etkin bir AGSP geliştirilmesine yönelik tartışmalar yeniden ve artan bir şekilde Avrupa ülkelerinin siyasi gündeminde yer bulmaya başlamıştır. AGSK/AGSP, ilk tartışılmaya başlandığı dönemden itibaren Türk dış politikası için hayati bir konu olarak görülmüş ve Türk diplomasisinin ulusal çıkarlarını korumaya yönelik uzun vadeli hedefleri arasında önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur.
Bu makalede, AGSK ve AGSP’nin tarihsel gelişimi incelenerek, retrospektif bir bakış açısıyla Türkiye’nin AGSK/AGSP politikasını şekillendiren gerekçeler ve stratejiler ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda Türk dış politikasını şekillendiren açık ve örtülü gerekçeler arasında bir sınıflandırma yapılarak, açık gerekçeler başlığı altında Türkiye'nin çatışma bölgelerine yakınlığı ve BAB içindeki kazanımlarının korunması konuları irdelenecektir. Örtülü gerekçeler başlığı altında ise, Yunanistan ve GKRY faktörleri değerlendirilerek, Türkiye’nin çıkarları için oluşturdukları tehditlere değinilecektir.

Keywords

AB, Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası, Batı Avrupa Birliği, NATO, Türk Dış Politikası.

Ethical Statement

- Bu çalışmada “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması belirtilen tüm kurallara uyulmuştur. Yönergenin ikinci bölümü olan “Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler” başlığı altında belirtilen eylemlerden hiçbiri gerçekleştirilmemiştir. - Bu makalenin araştırılması, yazarlığı ve / veya yayınlanmasına ilişkin herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması beyan edilmemektedir.

THE RECENT UKRAINIAN CRISIS AND THE RE-ADVENT OF THE ESDP DEBATE: A RETROSPECTIVE REGARD TO THE ESDP AND DETERMINANTS OF THE TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY ON THE ISSUE BETWEEN 1990s-2000s

Abstract

The "European Security and Defense Identity" (ESDI) and the "European Security and Defense Policy" (ESDP) have been debated ardently since the early 90s. The ESDI/ESDP has been a topic that closely interested Türkiye. The formulation process of ESDI/ESDP was a source of tension among the countries which had different visions on the issue. The ESDI/ESDP was developing within NATO and simultaneously within the EU. As a result, two opposing tendencies have emerged: while the Atlanticist vision wanted to limit the ESDI/ESDP within NATO; the European vision sought to act more independently vis-à-vis NATO and the United States. Following the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022, discussions on establishing an operational European army, and developing a more efficient ESDP have been debated frequently by the European countries’ political and military elites. Since its inception, the ESDI/ESDP has been viewed as a vital issue for the Turkish Foreign Policy (TFP), and full accession to the ESDP mechanisms constituted a significant objective for the Turkish diplomacy.
In this article, the historical evolution of the ESDI/ESDP will be discussed, and a classification will be made between the explicit and implicit reasons that shaped the TFP regarding the issue. In this context, Türkiye's proximity to conflict zones, the protection of its acquired rights within WEU, its problems with Greece, the prospective accession of the Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus to the EU, and the potential threats it posed to Türkiye's national security interests will be examined.

Keywords

European Security and Defense Policy, EU, NATO, Turkish Foreign Policy, Western European Union.

Ethical Statement

In this study, all the rules specified in the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" were followed. None of the actions specified in the second section of the directive, "Actions Contrary to Scientific Research and Publication Ethics", were carried out.

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