Aşırı Uyarılma, Kişilik Özellikleri ve Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Arasındaki İlişkilerin Keşfi: Bir Ağ Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 218 - 235, 31.10.2025

Amelia Rizzo , Martina Barbera , Francesca Bruno

https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1682566

Abstract

Bu çalışma, aşırı uyarılma, kişilik özellikleri ve anksiyete duyarlılığı arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Çalışmada Aşırı Uyarılma Ölçeği (H-scale), Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Anketi (BFQ) ve Anksiyete Duyarlılığı İndeksi-3 (ASI-3) kullanılmıştır. Toplam 1.118 İtalyan yetişkin (534 erkek, 584 kadın; Ort. = 35.61, SS = 12.47) araştırmaya katılmıştır. Pearson korelasyonları ve ağ analizi sonuçları, içe bakış (introspection) ve reaktivite ile duygu kontrolü, dürtü kontrolü ve duygusal kararlılık arasında anlamlı negatif ilişkiler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, daha yüksek içe bakış ve reaktivite düzeyine sahip bireylerin duygularını düzenlemede ve istikrarı sürdürmede daha fazla güçlük yaşayabileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, reaktivite ile dinamizm, baskınlık ve dışadönüklük arasında negatif korelasyonlar saptanmıştır; bu durum daha düşük katılım, atılganlık ve canlılık düzeylerine işaret etmektedir. Grafiksel ağ görselleştirmesi, aşırı uyarılma, kişilik özellikleri ve anksiyete duyarlılığı arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koyan bir model sunmuştur. Bulgular, yüksek düzeyde içe bakış ve reaktivitenin zayıf duygusal düzenleme ve artan anksiyete riskiyle ilişkili olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu durum, hedefe yönelik psikolojik müdahalelerin önemine işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

aşırı uyarılma , içe bakış , reaktivite , duygusal düzenleme , anksiyete , kişilik

Project Number

This research received no external funding.

Exploring the Relationships Between Hyperarousal, Personality Traits, and Anxiety Sensitivity: A Network Analysis

Abstract

This study examines the links between hyperarousal, personality traits, and anxiety sensitivity using the H-scale, Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3). A total of 1,118 Italian adults (534 males, 584 females; M = 35.61, SD = 12.47) participated. Pearson correlations and network analysis revealed significant negative associations between introspection and reactivity (H-scale) and emotion control, impulse control, and emotional stability (BFQ). This suggests that individuals with higher introspection and reactivity may have more difficulty regulating emotions and maintaining stability. Additionally, reactivity showed negative correlations with dynamism, dominance, and extroversion, indicating lower engagement, assertiveness, and vitality. Graphical network visualization illustrated a model linking hyperarousal, personality traits, and anxiety vulnerability. These findings highlight how heightened introspection and reactivity are related to poor emotional regulation and increased anxiety risk, suggesting the need for targeted psychological interventions.

Keywords

hyperarousal , introspection , reactivity , emotional regulation , anxiety , personality

Supporting Institution

University of Messina

Project Number

This research received no external funding.

Thanks

All participants.

References

• Barlow, D. H., & Kennedy, K. A. (2016). New approaches to diagnosis and treatment in anxiety and related emotional disorders: A focus on temperament. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 57(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000039
• Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (2009). Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002
• Bruno, A., Rizzo, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Celebre, L., Silvestri, M. C., Zoccali, R. A., & Mento, C. (2020). Hyperarousal scale: Italian cultural validation, age and gender differences in a nonclinical population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041176
• Çağış, Z. G., Akçe, İ., Aziz, I. A., Rizzo, A., Nucera, G., Bragazzi, N., & Yildirim, M. (2023). The mediating role of peritraumatic stress in the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and optimism and pessimism among earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 8(2), 121–131.
• Cellini, N., Duggan, K. A., & Sarlo, M. (2017). Perceived sleep quality: The interplay of neuroticism, affect, and hyperarousal. Sleep Health, 3(3), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.03.001
• Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.103
• Comer, C. S., Harrison, P. K., & Harrison, D. W. (2015). The dynamic opponent relativity model: an integration and extension of capacity theory and existing theoretical perspectives on the neuropsychology of arousal and emotion. SpringerPlus, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1120-6
• Domschke, K., Stevens, S., Pfleiderer, B., & Gerlach, A. L. (2009). Interoceptive sensitivity in anxiety and anxiety disorders: An overview and integration of neurobiological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.008
• Eisenberg, N. (2014). Emotion-related regulation and its relation to quality of social functioning. In Child psychology in retrospect and prospect (pp. 133-171). Psychology Press.
• Farris, S. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016). An experimental test of the effect of acute anxious arousal and anxiety sensitivity on negative reinforcement smoking. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(7), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116642880
• Fossati, A., Borroni, S., Marchione, D., & Maffei, C. (2011). The Big Five Inventory (BFI). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000043
• Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Current status and future Prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
• Joiner, T. E., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., Schmidt, N. B., Rudd, M. D., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1999). Physiological hyperarousal: Construct validity of a central aspect of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(2), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.108.2.290
• Khabbache, H., & Ait Ali, D. (2024). Neuroplasticity and cognitive development: Interdisciplinary perspectives on psychotherapeutic and educational approaches. Advances in Medicine, Psychology, and Public Health, 2(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11234610
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Renna, M. E., Shrout, M. R., & Madison, A. A. (2020). Stress Reactivity: What pushes us higher, faster, and longer—and why it matters. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(5), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420949521
• Korn, L. (2018). Psychological trauma: Integrating somatic and psychological methods to treatment. In Nutrition and integrative medicine (pp. 591–608). CRC Press.
• Kushki, A., Brian, J., Dupuis, A., & Anagnostou, E. (2014). Functional autonomic nervous system profile in children with autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Autism, 5(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-39
• Nillni, Y. I., Berenz, E. C., Pineles, S. L., Coffey, S. F., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the association between premenstrual symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 6(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032087
• Olatunji, B. O., & Fan, Q. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and post-traumatic stress reactions: Evidence for intrusions and physiological arousal as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 34, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.002
• Olatunji, B. O., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 974–999. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017428
• Pavic, L. (2003). Alterations in brain activation in posttraumatic stress disorder patients with severe hyperarousal symptoms and impulsive aggressiveness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 253(2), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-003-0411-z
• Pavlova, I., & Rogowska, A. M. (2023). Exposure to war, war nightmares, insomnia, and war-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A network analysis among university students during the war in Ukraine. Journal of Affective Disorders, 342, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.003
• Peacock, A., Cash, C., Bruno, R., & Ferguson, S. G. (2015). Day‐by‐day variation in affect, arousal and alcohol consumption in young adults. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12238
• Petrocchi, N., Tenore, K., Couyoumdjian, A., & Gragnani, A. (2014). The anxiety sensitivity index-3: factor structure and psychometric properties in Italian clinical and non-clinical samples. BPA-Applied Psychology Bulletin (Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata), 62(269).
• Regestein, Q. R., Friebely, J., Shifren, J. L., Scharf, M. B., Wiita, B., Carver, J., & Schiff, I. (2004). Self-reported sleep in postmenopausal women. Menopause the Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 11(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gme.0000097741.18446.3e
• Regestein, Q., Pavlova, M., & Casares, F. (1996). Validation of the hyperarousal scale in primary insomnia subjects. Sleep Res, 25, 344.
• Ribeiro, J. D., Silva, C., & Joiner, T. E. (2014). Overarousal interacts with a sense of fearlessness about death to predict suicide risk in a sample of clinical outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 218(1–2), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.036
• Rizzo, A., Gatto, E., Calandi, L., & Alfa, R. (2024). Embodied online therapy. Nova Science Publishers.
• Rothbart, M. K., Bates, J., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. (2006). Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development, 6, 99-166.
• Schoorl, J., Van Rijn, S., De Wied, M., Van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2015). Variability in emotional/behavioral problems in boys with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder: the role of arousal. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0790-5
• Siligato, E., Iuele, G., Barbera, M., Bruno, F., Tordonato, G., Mautone, A., & Rizzo, A. (2024). Freezing effect and bystander effect: overlaps and differences. Psych, 6(1), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych6010017
• Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowitz, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandin, B., Stewart, S. H., Coles, M., Eng, W., Daly, E. S., Arrindell, W. A., Bouvard, M., & Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
• Wassing, R., Benjamins, J. S., Dekker, K., Moens, S., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Riemann, D., Van Der Sluis, S., Van Der Werf, Y. D., Talamini, L. M., Walker, M. P., Schalkwijk, F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2016). Slow dissolving of emotional distress contributes to hyperarousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(9), 2538–2543. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522520113
• Weston, C. S. E. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder: a theoretical model of the hyperarousal subtype. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00037
• Yıldırım, M., Özaslan, A., Aksu, M. H., Aziz, I. A., Szarpak, L., Chirico, F., & Rizzo, A. (2024). Love of life and flourishing in Turkish youth: mediating effects of optimism and hope. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02000-4
• Zhao, W., Van Someren, E. J., Xu, Z., Ren, Z., Tang, L., Li, C., & Lei, X. (2023). Identifying the insomnia-related psychological issues associated with hyperarousal: A network perspective. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 195, 112276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112276
• Zinbarg, R. E., Mohlman, J., & Hong, N. N. (2014). Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity. In Anxiety sensitivity (pp. 83-114). Routledge.