Research of Individuals' Fears of Covid-19 in Terms of Some Variables

Year 2021, , 306 - 323, 21.06.2021

Mehmet Rüştü Kalafatoğlu , Faruk Caner Yam

https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.942883

Cited By: 10

Abstract

Keywords

covid-19, fear, anxiety, pandemic, coronavirus

Bireylerin Covid-19 Korkularının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Abstract

This study, it was aimed to examine the fear of Covid-19 in terms of some variables. The data were obtained from 290 adults (205 women, 85 men) between the ages of 18-65. The descriptive survey model was used in the study. In the analysis of the obtained data, independent groups t-test was used to examine whether the individuals' levels of Covid-19 fear differed statistically according to the variables of gender, having or not having children, having or not having a Covid-19 diagnosis, being diagnosed with Covid-19 or not. Also, one-way ANOVA analysis was used to examine whether Covid-19 fear levels differ according to education level, marital status and age. First of all, the average scores of Covid-19 fear of the individuals participating in the study were examined. When the scores obtained from the Covid-19 fear scale are examined, the items with the highest average are I am most afraid of Covid-19, it makes me uncomfortable to think about Covid-19 and when watching news and stories about Covid-19 on social media, I become nervous or anxious”. Thus, it was revealed that the Covid-19 levels of the individuals participating in the study did not differ significantly according to the variables of gender, age, educational status, whether or not they had children, whether they were diagnosed with Covid-19, and whether or not they were diagnosed with Covid-19 in their relatives. Based on these results, the findings obtained were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions were made to the researchers.

Keywords

covid-19, korku, kaygı, pandemi, koronavirüs

References

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of Covıd-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., & Zeybek, Z. (2020). COVİD-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Bahar (Covid19-Özel Ek), 304-318.
• Babvey, P., Capela, F., Cappa, C., Lipizzi, C., Petrowski, N., & Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2020). Using social media data for assessing children’s exposure to violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104747.
• Badahdah, A. M., Khamis, F., & Al Mahyijari, N. (2020). The psychological well-being of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak in Oman. Psychiatry research, 289, 113053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113053
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11469-020-00331-y
• Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. (1989). “Cognitive therapy”. Hal Arkowitz, L.E. Beutler and Karen M. Simon (eds.). in Comprehensive handbook of cognitive therapy. (pp. 21-36). New York: Springer.
• Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 25(Özel Sayı 1), 216-225. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092
• Bilge, Y. ve Bilge, Y. (2020). Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23. DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
• Bridgman, A., Merkley, E., Loewen, P. J., Owen, T., Ruths, D., Teichmann, L., & Zhilin, O. (2020). The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: Understanding the role of news and social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(3).  
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç, Ç. E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25.Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Buzzi, C., Tucci, M., Ciprandi, R., Brambilla, I., Caimmi, S., Ciprandi, G., & Marseglia, G. L. (2020). The psycho-social effects of COVID-19 on Italian adolescents' attitudes and behaviors. Italian journal of pediatrics, 46(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00833-4
• Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102850
• Demir, Y., & Kumcağız, H. (2020). Ergenlerde yeme tutum bozuklukluğunun öznel iyi oluş, depresyon, anksiyete ve stres üzerine etkisi. Uluslararası Alan Eğitimi Dergisi, 6(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.32570/ijofe.696583
• Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
• Ekiz, T., Ilıman, E., & Dönmez, E. (2020). Bireylerin sağlık anksiyetesi düzeyleri ile covid-19 salgını kontrol algısının karşılaştırılması. Usaysad Dergisi, 6(1), 139-154.
• Ersoy, K., Altın, B., Sarıkaya, B., & Güngörmüş Özkardaş, O. (2020). The comparison of ımpact of health anxiety on dispositional hope and psychological well-being of mothers who have children diagnosed with autism and mothers who have normal children, in Covid-19 pandemic. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 117-126.
• Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy.
• Franic, T., & Dodig Curkovic, K. (2020). Covid-19, child and adolescent mental health – Croatian (in)experience. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 214-217. doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.55
• Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., ... Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS One, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
• Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde bireylerin koronavirüs (Kovid-19) korkusu: Çorum örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 4, 1153-1173.
• Gençöz, T. (1998). Korku: Sebepleri, sonuçları ve baş etme yolları. Kriz Dergisi, 6(2) , 9-16.
• Göksu, Ö., & Kumcağız, H. (2020). Covid-19 salgınında bireylerde algılanan stres düzeyi ve kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 463-479. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44397
• Gündoğan, S. (2021). The mediator role of the fear of COVID-19 in the relationship between psychological resilience and life satisfaction. Current Psychology 131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01525-w
• Ho, C.S., Chee, C.Y., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, (1)49, 1-3.
• Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
• Jungmann, S. M., Brand, S., Kolb, J., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Do Dr. Google and health apps have (comparable) side effects? An experimental study. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(2), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619894904
• Karcıoğlu, Ö. (2020) What is Coronaviruses, and how can we protect ourselves? Anka Tıp Dergisi, 2(1), 66- 71.
• Kaya, B. (2020). Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 23, 123-124.
• Ladikli, N., Bahadır, E., Yumuşak, F. N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G., & Türkkan, Z. (2020). Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği'nin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 71-80.
• Levinson, D. J. (1980) “Toward a conception of the adult life course”. N.J. Smelser and E.H. Erikson (eds.) in Themes of work and love in adulthood. (pp. 265-290). Harvard: Harvard University.
• Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(102073), 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
• Memiş Doğan, M., & Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739-752. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44678
• Ovalı, F. (2020). Yenidoğanlarda COVID-19 enfeksiyonları. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Ek Sayı1), 23-35.
• Öktem, T., Şipal, O., Kul, M. & Dilek, A. N. (2020). Olimpiyat oyunlarına katılmaya aday boksörlerin COVID-19 kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 7(62), 3620-3627.
• Özdin, S. ve Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
• Özmen, S., Özkan, O., Özer, Ö., & Zubaroğlu Yanardağ, M. (2021) Investigation of COVID-19 fear, well-being and life satisfaction in Turkish society. Social work in public health, 36(2), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2021.1877589
• Özşahin, F., & Aksoy, A. (2020). Sağlık bölümlerinde okuyan üniversite öğrencilerinin Covid-19 korku düzeyleri: Bir özel üniversite örneği. Online International Conference of COVID-19 (CONCOVID). Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı–Sağlık Bilimleri, 183.
• Pakpour, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1),58-63.
• Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
• Rahman, S. (2021). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin Covid-19 fobi durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi, 35(1), 68-73.
• Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
• Şahin, M. (2019). Korku, kaygı ve kaygı (anksiyete) bozuklukları. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(10), 117-135.
• Sasaki, N., Kuroda, R., Tsuno, K., & Kawakami, N. (2020). Fear, worry and workplace harassment related to the COVID-19 epidemic among employees in Japan: Prevalence and impact on mental and physical health. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569887
• Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
• Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., & Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in older adolescents at the time of Covid-19. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(10), 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103064
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu rehberi) bilim kurulu çalışması. 18 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı (6. Baskı). (M. Baloğlu, Çev. Ed.). Nobel Akademi.
• Tırmıkçıoğlu, Z. (2020). COVID-19 enfeksiyonu olan gebelerde ilaç kullanımı. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Ek Say1), 51-58.
• Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını sonrası 20-60 yaş arası bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılıklarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 159-174.
• Türktemiz, H., Bayraktar, I., Çobanoğlu, H. O., & Nalbant, Ö. (2020). Spor salonlarında egzersiz yapan sporcuların yeni tip koronavirüse (covıd-19) yakalanma kaygılarının incelenmesi. III. Internatıonal Conference On Covıd-19 Studıes. Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı, 116-124.
• Wang, C., Pan., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Wheaton, M. G., Prikhidko, A., & Messner, G. R. (2021). Is fear of COVID-19 contagious? The effects of emotion contagion and social media use on anxiety in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 567379. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567379
• World Health Organization (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 18 March 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---18-march-2020
• Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Curr Psychol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
• Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990