Dışavurumcu Yazma Uygulamasının İyi Oluş Üzerine Etkisi: Meta-analiz Çalışması

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 1290 - 1310, 30.10.2023

Işıl Tekin

https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1353331

Abstract

Dışavurumcu yazma uygulaması bireylerin kendilerini etkileyen yaşantılara ilişkin duygu ve düşüncelerini yazılı olarak ifade etmelerinin iyileştirici olabileceği fikrinden hareketle geliştirilmiş ve etkililiği pek çok çalışmada incelenmiştir. Literatürde dışavurumcu yazmanın fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlık üzerinde etkili olduğunu gösteren çalışmalar olduğu gibi etkili olmadığını ortaya koyan çalışmalar da yer almaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada dışavurumcu yazma uygulamasının etkisine ilişkin daha tutarlı ve keşfedici sonuçlara ulaşmak amacıyla literatürdeki sonuçların birlikte değerlendirildiği meta-analiz çalışmasına başvurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı deneysel çalışmalara dayanan bir meta-analiz ile dışavurumcu yazma uygulamasının bireylerin iyi oluşu üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla gerçekleştirilen çevrimiçi veri tabanı taramaları sonucunda ulaşılan 11 araştırma çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ulaşılan 11 çalışmada 764 katılımcı yer almaktadır. Bu araştırma sonuçlarının birlikte analiz edilmesi ile gerçekleştirilen meta-analiz sonucunda tahmin edilen ortak etki büyüklüğü Hedges’ g = 0.229 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç dışavurumcu yazmanın iyi oluş üzerinde pozitif yönlü küçük bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Etki büyüklüğünün geçerliğini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen yayın yanlılığı analizlerinde herhangi bir yayın yanlılığının olmadığı bulunmuştur.

Keywords

dışvurumcu yazma, yazılı dışavurum, iyi oluş, meta-analiz

Effects of Expressive Writing on Well-being: A Meta-analysis

Abstract

Expressive writing was developed based on the idea that individuals’ expressing their emotions and thoughts about the experiences that affect them in writing can be therapeutic, and its effectiveness has been examined in many studies. In the literature, many studies show that expressive writing is effective on physical and psychological health, yet some others show that it is not effective. In the current study, a meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the results in the literature together to reach more consistent and exploratory results regarding the effect of expressive writing. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of expressive writing on well-being through a meta-analysis based on experimental research. For this purpose, 11 research studies accessed through online database searches were included in the study. There were 764 participants in the studies chosen. As a result of the meta-analysis, the estimated common effect size was calculated as 0.229 Hedges’ g value. This result indicates that expressive writing has a small positive effect on well-being. The publication bias analyses revealed that there was no publication bias regarding the effect’s validity.

Keywords

expressive writing, written disclosure, well-being, meta-analysis

References

• Baikie, K. A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.5.338
• Bentea, C. C. (2017). Teacher self-efficacy, teacher burnout and psychological well-being. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.05.02.139
• Biondi Situmorang, D. D. (2021). Music therapy for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: psychopathological problems intervention and well-being improvement. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 29(3), e198. https://doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000000999
• Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2009). The health benefits of writing about positive experiences: The role of broadened cognition. Psychology and Health, 24(8), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440801989946
• *Cayubit, R. F. (2021). Effect of expressive writing on the subjective well-being of university students. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 25(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1130520
• Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Variations in the spacing of expressive writing sessions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910707X251171
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2. bs.). Hillsdale Press.
• Collishaw, S. (2015). Annual research review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 370–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12372
• Cummings, J. A., Hayes, A. M., Saint, D. S., & Park, J. (2014). Expressive writing in psychotherapy: A tool to promote and track therapeutic change. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037682
• Davis, H., & Turner, M. J. (2020). The use of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) to increase the self-determined motivation and psychological well-being of triathletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000191
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
• Diener, E. (2009). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (s. 25–65). New York, NY: Springer.
• Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology, 58(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063
• Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: a simple funnel‐plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta‐analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
• Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 823–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823
• Frisina, P. G., Borod, J. C., & Lepore, S. J. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(9), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000138317.30764.63
• *Gellaitry, G., Peters, K., Bloomfield, D., & Horne, R. (2010). Narrowing the gap: the effects of an expressive writing intervention on perceptions of actual and ideal emotional support in women who have completed treatment for early stage breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology, 19(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1532
• Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5(10), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X005010003
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-157
• Gürsoy, O., & Gizir, C. A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları: Sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, öznel sıkıntıları açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyetin rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49), 137–155.
• Hallam, S., & Creech, A. (2016). Can active music making promote health and well-being in older citizens? Findings of the music for life project. London Journal of Primary Care, 8(2), 21–25.https://doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2016.1152099
• Hämäläinen, T., Lappalainen, P., Puolakanaho, A., Lappalainen, R., & Kiuru, N. (2023). A guided online ACT intervention may increase psychological well-being and support school engagement in adolescents. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 27, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.02.002
• Higgins, J. Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327, 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 
• *Ji, L. L., Lu, Q., Wang, L. J., Sun, X. L., Wang, H. D., Han, B. X., ... & Lu, G. H. (2020). The benefits of expressive writing among newly diagnosed mainland Chinese breast cancer patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 468–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00127-z
• Katmer, A. N., Demir, R., Çekiç, A., & Hamamci, Z. (2020). The Effect of Psychodrama on Subjective Well-Being and Trait Anxiety. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(2), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.17600
• *Krentzman, A. R., Hoeppner, B. B., Hoeppner, S. S. & Barnett, N. P. (2023). Development, feasibility, acceptability, and impact of a positive psychology journaling intervention to support addiction recovery. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(4), 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2070531
• *Kvillemo, P., Brandberg, Y., & Bränström, R. (2016). Feasibility and outcomes of an internet-based mindfulness training program: A pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 3(3), e5457. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5457
• *Lamers, S. M. A., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Korte, J., & Westerhof, G. J. (2015). The efficacy of life-review as online-guided self-help for adults: a randomized trial. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu030.
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. SAGE.
• *Lu, Q., Wong, C. C. Y., Gallagher, M. W., Tou, R. Y., Young, L., & Loh, A. (2017). Expressive writing among Chinese American breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 36(4), 370-379. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000449
• Lynch, L., Long, M., & Moorhead, A. (2018). Young men, help-seeking, and mental health services: exploring barriers and solutions. American Journal Of Men’s Health, 12(1), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315619469
• *Mohamed, N. H., Beckstein, A., Winship, G., Ashraf Khan Mou, T., Pang, N. T. P., & Relojo-Howell, D. (2023). Effects of self-expressive writing as a therapeutic method to relieve stress among university students. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2023.2174678
• Maroney, D. I. (2020). The Imagine Project™: Using expressive writing to help children overcome stress and trauma. Pediatric Nursing, 46(6). 300–303.
• Mullen, B., Muellerleile, P., & Bryant, B. (2001). Cumulative meta-analysis: A consideration of indicators of sufficiency and stability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(11), 1450–1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012711006
• Murn, L. T. (2013). Increasing self-compassion and positive body esteem: An expressive writing intervention. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Oklahoma State University.
• Nie, S., Ju, Q., Benesch, B., & Gan, Y. (2023). The effect of expressive writing intervention and neutral task writing intervention on positive affect and meaning in life among late middle-aged and older adults. Educational Gerontology, 49(6), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2022.2126810
• Pennebaker, J. W. (2018). Expressive writing in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 226-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617707315
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of ınhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(3), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.274
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1243::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-N
• Pigott, T. D., & Polanin, J. R. (2020). Methodological guidance paper: High-quality meta-analysis in a systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319877
• Qian, J., Zhou, X., Sun, X., Wu, M., Sun, S., & Yu, X. (2020). Effects of expressive writing intervention for women's PTSD, depression, anxiety and stress related to pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112933
• Rankin, C. H., Abrams, T., Barry, R. J., Bhatnagar, S., Clayton, D., Colombo, J., ... Thompson R. F. (2009). Habituation revisited: An updated and revised description of the behavioral characteristics of habituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92(2), 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.012
• Recabarren, R. E., Gaillard, C., Guillod, M., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2019). Short-term effects of a multidimensional stress prevention program on quality of life, well-being and psychological resources. A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00088
• Reinhold, M., Bürkner, P. C., & Holling, H. (2018). Effects of expressive writing on depressive symptoms—A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12224
• Riordan, R. J. (1996). Scriptotherapy: Therapeutic writing as a counseling adjunct. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01863.x
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
• Sadler, K., Vizard, T., Ford, T., Goodman, A., Goodman, R., & McManus, S. (2018). Mental health of children and young people in England 2017: Trends and characteristics. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/A0/273EE3/MHCYP%202017%20Trends%20Characteristics.pdf
• Sbarra, D. A., Boals, A., Mason, A. E., Larson, G. M., & Mehl, M. R. (2013). Expressive writing can impede emotional recovery following marital separation. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(2), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612469801
• Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
• *Shim, M., Cappella, J. N., & Han, J. Y. (2011). How does insightful and emotional disclosure bring potential health benefits? Study based on online support groups for women with breast cancer. Journal of Communication, 61(3), 432–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01555.x
• Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004). A closer examination of the structured written disclosure procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.165
• Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.174
• Smyth, J., & Helm, R. (2003). Focused expressive writing as self-help for stress and trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(2), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10144
• Şen, S. & Yıldırım, İ. (2020). CMA ile meta-analiz uygulamaları. Anı Yayıncılık.
• *Toepfer, N. F., Altmann, U., Risch, A. K., & Wilz, G. (2016). Examining explanatory mechanisms of positive and expressive writing: Towards a resource-oriented perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1037856
• Travagin, G., Margola, D., & Revenson, T. A. (2015). How effective are expressive writing interventions for adolescents? A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 36, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.003
• van Emmerik, A. A. P., Reijntjes, A., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2013). Writing therapy for posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(2), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343131
• Vázquez, C., Hervás, G., Rahona, J. J. ve Gomez, D. (2009). Psychological well being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(2009), 15–27.
• *Vukčević Marković, M., Bjekić, J., & Priebe, S. (2020). Effectiveness of expressive writing in the reduction of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587282
• Wiens, K., Bhattarai, A., Pedram, P., Dores, A., Williams, J., Bulloch, A., & Patten, S. (2020). A growing need for youth mental health services in Canada: Examining trends in youth mental health from 2011 to 2018. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000281
• Wilson, D. B. (t.y.). Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator [Online calculator]. 30.07.2023 tarihinde https://campbellcollaboration.org/rese arch-resources/effect-size-calculator.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
• Wright, J., & Chung, M. C. (2001). Mastery or mystery? Therapeutic writing: A review of the literature. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 29(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/0306988 0120073003
• Yıldırım, İ., & Şen, S. (2021). The effects of gamification on students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Interactive Learning Environments, (29)8, 130–1318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1636089