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Effect of homeopathic drug phosphorus 15ch on diethylnitrosamine induced liver injury in rats

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 30.04.2025

Abstract

In this study, the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of the homeopathic drug Phosphorus 15CH on liver injury induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was investigated. Thirty-two Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups, control group, DEN group, DEN+ Phosphorus 15CH group, and Phosphorus 15CH group. In the DEN group, rats were administered with DEN in a single dose of 70 mg/kg once a week for 4 months. For hepatoprotective studies, Phosphorus 15CH was administered daily for 2.5 months. AST, ALT, GGT, Total Bilirubin, LDH and SOD, MDA, and GSH were estimated in serum samples. Administration of DEN caused a significant increase in AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin, and LDH. Oxidative stress parameters in DEN treated group showed a significant decrease in their levels. MDA levels were significantly increased by lipid peroxidation in DEN treated group. Based on these results, it was concluded that Phosphorus 15CH has a protective effect on DEN-induced liver injury in rats.

Supporting Institution

VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ KOORDİNASYON BİRİMİ

Project Number

TDK-2020-8376

References

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  • Adelani, I. B., Ogadi, E. O., Onuzulu, C., Rotimi, O. A., Maduagwu, E. N., & Rotimi, S. O. (2020). Dietary vitamin D ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory effects of diethylnitrosamine in rats. Heliyon, 6(9). e04842.
  • Aguilar, T. A. F., Navarro, B. C. H., & Pérez, J. A. M. (2016). Endogenous antioxidants: a review of their role in oxidative stress. A master regulator of oxidative stress-the transcription factor nrf2, 3-20.
  • Ahmed, O. M., Ahmed, A. A., Fahim, H. I., & Zaky, M. Y. (2022). Quercetin and naringenin abate diethylnitrosamine/acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats: the roles of oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1), 262-273.
  • Alsahli, M. A., Almatroodi, S. A., Almatroudi, A., Khan, A. A., Anwar, S., Almutary, A. G., ... & Rahmani, A. H. (2021). 6‐Gingerol, a major ingredient of ginger attenuates diethylnitrosamine‐induced liver injury in rats through the modulation of oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory activity. Mediators of inflammation, 2021(1), 6661937.
  • Aly, S., Fetaih, H., & Ismail, A. (2018). Preventive effect of cinnamon oil against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in albino rats: Histopathological and serum biochemical evaluation. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ, 23(2), 45-57.
  • Amin, H. A. M., Arihan, O., & Ragbetli, M. C. (2017). Effect of thymoquinone administration on erythrocyte fragility in diethylnitrosamine administered rats. Journal of Cellular Biotechnology, 3(1), 1-7.
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  • Khan, F., Khan, T. J., Kalamegam, G., Pushparaj, P. N., Chaudhary, A., Abuzenadah, A., ... & Al-Qahtani, M. (2017). Anti-cancer effects of Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1-10.
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  • Liu, J., Man, S., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, X., & Gao, W. (2016). Inhibition of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer in rats by Rhizoma paridis saponin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 46, 103-109.
  • Liu, Z., Que, S., Xu, J., & Peng, T. (2014). Alanine aminotransferase-old biomarker and new concept: a review. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(9), 925.
  • Malhi, H., & Gores, G. J. (2008). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver injury. Gastroenterology, 134(6), 1641-1654.
  • N’DO, J. Y. P., Hilou, A., Ouedraogo, N., Sombie, E. N., & Traore, T. K. (2018). Phytochemistry, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective potential of Acanthospermum hispidum DC extracts against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Medicines, 5(2), 42.
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Effect of homeopathic drug phosphorus 15ch on diethylnitrosamine induced liver injury in rats

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 30.04.2025

Abstract

Project Number

TDK-2020-8376

References

  • Adebayo, O. A., Akinloye, O., & Adaramoye, O. A. (2020). Cerium oxide nanoparticles attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of diethylnitrosamine-treated mice. Biological trace element research, 193, 214-225.
  • Adelani, I. B., Ogadi, E. O., Onuzulu, C., Rotimi, O. A., Maduagwu, E. N., & Rotimi, S. O. (2020). Dietary vitamin D ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory effects of diethylnitrosamine in rats. Heliyon, 6(9). e04842.
  • Aguilar, T. A. F., Navarro, B. C. H., & Pérez, J. A. M. (2016). Endogenous antioxidants: a review of their role in oxidative stress. A master regulator of oxidative stress-the transcription factor nrf2, 3-20.
  • Ahmed, O. M., Ahmed, A. A., Fahim, H. I., & Zaky, M. Y. (2022). Quercetin and naringenin abate diethylnitrosamine/acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats: the roles of oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1), 262-273.
  • Alsahli, M. A., Almatroodi, S. A., Almatroudi, A., Khan, A. A., Anwar, S., Almutary, A. G., ... & Rahmani, A. H. (2021). 6‐Gingerol, a major ingredient of ginger attenuates diethylnitrosamine‐induced liver injury in rats through the modulation of oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory activity. Mediators of inflammation, 2021(1), 6661937.
  • Aly, S., Fetaih, H., & Ismail, A. (2018). Preventive effect of cinnamon oil against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in albino rats: Histopathological and serum biochemical evaluation. Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ, 23(2), 45-57.
  • Amin, H. A. M., Arihan, O., & Ragbetli, M. C. (2017). Effect of thymoquinone administration on erythrocyte fragility in diethylnitrosamine administered rats. Journal of Cellular Biotechnology, 3(1), 1-7.
  • Atakisi, O., Atakisi, E., Ozcan, A. Y. L. A., Karapehlivan, M., & Kart, A. (2013). Protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids on diethylnitrosamine toxicity in rats. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 17(4).
  • Bagot, J. L. (2020). Homeopathy, a new tool for the prevention and treatment of chemobrain (cerebral chemotoxicity). La Revue d'Homéopathie, 11(1), e1-e9.
  • Bahar, E., Lee, G. H., Bhattarai, K. R., Lee, H. Y., Kim, H. K., Handigund, M., ... & Yoon, H. (2019). Protective role of quercetin against manganese-induced injury in the liver, kidney, and lung; and hematological parameters in acute and subchronic rat models [Retraction]. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 13, 907-908.
  • Betteridge, D. J. (2000). What is oxidative stress?. Metabolism, 49(2), 3-8. Bingul, İ., Basaran-Kucukgergin, C., Tekkesin, M. S., Olgac, V., Dogru-Abbasoglu, S., & Uysal, M. (2013). Effect of blueberry pretreatment on diethylnitrosamine-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 36(2), 529-538.
  • Bischoff, K., Mukai, M., & Ramaiah, S. K. (2018). Liver toxicity. In Veterinary toxicology (pp. 239-257). Academic Press.
  • Boone, L., Meyer, D., Cusick, P., Ennulat, D., Bolliger, A. P., Everds, N., ... & Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. (2005). Selection and interpretation of clinical pathology indicators of hepatic injury in preclinical studies. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 34(3), 182-188.
  • Buyukuslu, N., & Yigitbasi, T. (2015). Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in obesity. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 5(3), 197-203.
  • Center, S. A. (2007). Interpretation of liver enzymes. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 37(2), 297-333.
  • Ceyhan, Ç., Düzkar, S., Kandemir, O., Özdal, M. Ö., & Erbaş, O. (2017). Effect of lactate dehydrogenase activity on hair follicle stem cell. İstanbul Bilim University Florence Nightingale Tıp Dergisi, 3(4), 139-145.
  • Chiaramida N. Il ritorno alla luce di Phosphorus. Galassi R. 74th World Congress of Homeopathic Medicine; 2019. Sorrento, Italy. Italy. Medico Chirurgo Pediatra Omeopata. 2017. p. 42-48.
  • Chow, J. H., Chow, C. The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases. USA: Infobase Publishing; 2006. p.1-2.
  • Cui, B., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Wang, J., Li, S., Wang, Q., ... & Lin, X. (2012). Antitumour activity of Lycium chinensis polysaccharides in liver cancer rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51(3), 314-318.
  • Da Silva, G. H., Barros, P. P., Gonçalves, G. M. S., & Landi, M. A. (2015). Hepatoprotective effect of Lycopodium clavatum 30CH on experimental model of paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Homeopathy, 104(01), 29-35.
  • Fathy, A. H., Bashandy, M. A., Bashandy, S. A., Mansour, A. M., & Elsadek, B. (2017). Sequential analysis and staging of a diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar albino rat model. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 95(12), 1462-1472.
  • Forkasiewicz, A., Dorociak, M., Stach, K., Szelachowski, P., Tabola, R., & Augoff, K. (2020). The usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase measurements in current oncological practice. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 25, 1-14.
  • Guan, Y. S., & He, Q. (2013). A current update on the rule of alternative and complementary medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (1), 321234. Henson, J. B., Brown, C. L., Chow, S. C., & Muir, A. J. (2017). Complementary and alternative medicine use in United States adults with liver disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 51(6), 564-570.
  • Higuchi, H., & Gores, G. J. (2003). Mechanisms of liver injury: an overview. Current Molecular Medicine, 3(6), 483-490.
  • Horng, C. T., Huang, C. W., Yang, M. Y., Chen, T. H., Chang, Y. C., & Wang, C. J. (2017). Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract treatment attenuated preneoplastic lesions and oxidative stress in the livers of diethylnitrosamine‐treated rats. Environmental Toxicology, 32(11), 2327-2340.
  • Husain, N., & Kumar, A. (2012). Reactive oxygen species and natural antioxidants: a review. Adv Biores, 3(4), 164-175.
  • Jagan, S., Ramakrishnan, G., Anandakumar, P., Kamaraj, S., & Devaki, T. (2008). Antiproliferative potential of gallic acid against diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma. Molecular and cellular Biochemistry, 319, 51-59.
  • Jayakumar, S., Madankumar, A., Asokkumar, S., Raghunandhakumar, S., Gokula dhas, K., Kamaraj, S., ... & Devaki, T. (2012). Potential preventive effect of carvacrol against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 360, 51-60.
  • Kalaiselvan, A., Gokulakrishnan, K., Anand, T., Akhilesh, U., & Velavan, S. (2013). Preventive effect of shorea robusta bark extract against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences  1(1), 2-9.
  • Khan, F., Khan, T. J., Kalamegam, G., Pushparaj, P. N., Chaudhary, A., Abuzenadah, A., ... & Al-Qahtani, M. (2017). Anti-cancer effects of Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1-10.
  • Kim, N. H., Heo, J. D., Kim, T. B., Rho, J. R., Yang, M. H., & Jeong, E. J. (2016). Protective effects of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Limonium tetragonum on diethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 39(6), 1022-1028.
  • Kim, W. R., Flamm, S. L., Di Bisceglie, A. M., & Bodenheimer, H. C. (2008). Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease. Hepatology, 47(4), 1363-1370.
  • Kotoh, K., Enjoji, M., Kato, M., Kohjima, M., Nakamuta, M., & Takayanagi, R. (2008). A new parameter using serum lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase level is useful for predicting the prognosis of patients at an early stage of acute liver injury: a retrospective study. Comparative Hepatology, 7, 1-8.
  • Kozat, S., & Sepehrizadeh, E. (2017). Methods of diagnosing in liver diseases for dog and cats. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 10(2), 36-46.
  • Latief, U., Umar, M. F., & Ahmad, R. (2019). Nrf2 protein as a therapeutic target during diethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury ameliorated by β-carotene-reduced graphene oxide (βC-rGO) nanocomposite. International Journal of Biological Bacromolecules, 137, 346-357.
  • Leonard, T. B., Neptun, D. A., & Popp, J. A. (1984). Serum gamma glutamyl transferase as a specific indicator of bile duct lesions in the rat liver. The American Journal of Pathology, 116(2), 262.
  • Lioudaki, E., S Ganotakis, E., & P Mikhailidis, D. (2011). Liver enzymes: potential cardiovascular risk markers?. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17(33), 3632-3643.
  • Liu, J., Man, S., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, X., & Gao, W. (2016). Inhibition of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer in rats by Rhizoma paridis saponin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 46, 103-109.
  • Liu, Z., Que, S., Xu, J., & Peng, T. (2014). Alanine aminotransferase-old biomarker and new concept: a review. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(9), 925.
  • Malhi, H., & Gores, G. J. (2008). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver injury. Gastroenterology, 134(6), 1641-1654.
  • N’DO, J. Y. P., Hilou, A., Ouedraogo, N., Sombie, E. N., & Traore, T. K. (2018). Phytochemistry, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective potential of Acanthospermum hispidum DC extracts against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Medicines, 5(2), 42.
  • Nagy P, Thorgeirsson SS, Grisham JW. Organizational Principles of the Liver. Arıas IM, Alter HJ, Boyer JL, Cohen DE, Shafritz DA, Thorgeirsson SS, Wolkoff, A.W, editors. 6th ed. India: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.
  • Naura, A. S., Kalla, N. R., Sharma, R. P., & Sharma, R. (2007). Anticarcinogenic effects of hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride in mice initiated with diethylnitrosamine. Biological trace element research, 119, 147-165.
  • Pradeep, K., Mohan, C. V. R., Gobianand, K., & Karthikeyan, S. (2007). Effect of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 167(1), 12-18.
  • Robinson, M. W., Harmon, C., & O’Farrelly, C. (2016). Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cellular & molecular immunology, 13(3), 267-276.
  • Salau, A. K., Yakubu, M. T., & Oladiji, A. T. (2016). Effects of aqueous root bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr on redox and haematological parameters of diethylnitrosamine-administered rats. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 10(1), 21-29.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Eda Nur Okman 0000-0001-9016-9739

Süleyman Kozat

Project Number TDK-2020-8376
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date April 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Okman, E. N., & Kozat, S. (2025). Effect of homeopathic drug phosphorus 15ch on diethylnitrosamine induced liver injury in rats. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 9(1), 57-64.

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