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18. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla Yunanistan’da Dil Sorunu ve Ulusal Bireyin İcadı

Year 2019, , 85 - 98, 17.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.444472

Abstract

Yunan entelektüel yaşamında 18. yüzyıl sonlarında başlayıp kesintilerle 20. yüzyıl başlarına dek devam eden dil
tartışmalarının temel hedefini ulusal bireyin icadı oluşturur. Bu tartışmalar üç eksende gelişir: Yunan ulusunun Antik
Hellen kültürünün varisi olduğunu kanıtlamak, Avrupalı bir kimliğe sahip olduğunu kanıtlamak ve Yunan irredentist
projesini yürürlüğe koymak. Yunan ulusal hareketinin hemen öncesinde yaşanan dil tartışmaları, Avrupa düşüncesinin
Yunan topluluğuna nasıl aktarılacağı ve Yunanlı’nın Avrupalı kimliğinin Avrupalılara nasıl kanıtlanacağı yönündedir.
Bu tartışmaların temelinde, egemen Avrupa söylemi tarafından yaratılan ve “kölelik-özgürlük” kavramları ile
geliştirilen bir anlayış yatıyordu. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 18. yüzyıl Yunan entelijansiyası tarafından
“kölelik/boyunduruk” şeklinde algılanıyordu. Yapılması gereken, bu “boyunduruktan” bir an önce kurtulmaktı.
Kurtuluşa giden yol ise eğitimden geçiyordu. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru alevlenen tartışmalar ise, ağırlıklı olarak,
Yunan Megali İdeasının nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceği konusundadır. Bu söylem uyarınca Yunanistan’ın, ulusal bir
devlet olarak kuruluşundan beri devlet sınırları dışında kalan ve “kurtarılmayı” bekleyen Yunanlılar vardı.
Entelijansiya, Anadolu Yunanlıları ile Ortodoks mezhebi üzerinden ortak bir kod oluştururken, Balkanlar’daki
Ortodoks nüfus ile dil üzerinden ortak bir kod yaratmaya çalışıyordu. Bu ikinci kısım, bugün bile sorunlu olan bir
bölgede, Makedonya’da, yaşıyordu. 19. yüzyıl sonlarında Yunan ulusçuluğu, bölgedeki diğer rakip ulusçulukları yok
ederek burada yaşayan ve ana dil olarak Slav dillerinden birini konuşan Ortodoks Hristiyan halkın Yunanlaştırma
projesini üstlenmiştir. Bu Yunanlaştırma işlemini ise ortak bir dil üzerinden yapmaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda halk
dilini ve arkaik dili savunanlar ortak bir hedef doğrultusunda hareket etmişlerdir: Bölge halkından Yunanlı yaratmak.
Bu makalede, öncelikle, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Yunanca konuşan Ortodoks Hristiyan nüfusunun entelektüelleri
arasında gerçekleşen dil tartışmalarına değinilecektir. Sonrasında ise 1880’lerden 20. yüzyılın başlarına dek yaşanan
siyasi ve kültürel değişimler sonucu yeniden gündeme gelen dil tartışmaları anlatılacaktır.

References

  • Βαρελάς, Λ. (2013). “Εισαγωγή” στο Ασώπιος, Κ. Τα Σούτσεια. Λ. Βαρελάς (Ed.). Αθήνα: Νεοελληνική Βιβλιοθήκη Ίδρυμα Κώστα και Ελένης Ουράνη.Γουνελάς, Χ. Δ. (1984). Η σοσιαλιστική συνείδηση στην ελληνική λογοτεχνία, 1897-1912. Αθήνα: Κέδρος.Δημαράς, K. Θ. (2009). Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Αθήνα: Ερμής.Κοδρικάς, Π. Κ. (1998). Μελέτη της κοινής ελληνικής διαλέκτου, Ά. Αγγέλου (Ed.). Αθήνα: Μ.Ι.Ε.Τ.Κονδύλης, Π. (2008). Ο Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Οι φιλοσοφικές ιδέες, Αθήνα: Θεμέλιο.Κοραής, Αδ. (1833). Συλλογή των προλεγομένων. Εν Παρισίοις: Εκ της Τυπογραφίας Κ. Εβεράρτου. Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/Casper/Downloads/downloaded.pdfΝτίνας, K. (1999, Kasım). Ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός και το γλωσσικό ζήτημα. Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Απόπειρα μιας νέας ερευνητικής συγκομιδής içinde. Kitap ve Okuma Enstitüsü’nün toplantısında gerçekleştirilen sempozyum, Kozani/Yunanistan.Πεχλιβάνος, M. (1999). Εκδοχές Νεοτερικότητας στην κοινωνία του Γένους. Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ, Αδαμάντιος Κοραής (Doktora tezi). Erişim adresi: http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/10333#page/1/mode/2upΠολίτης, Λ. (2001). Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας. Αθήνα: Μ.Ι.Ε.Τ.Σβωρόνος, N. (1999). Επισκόπηση της νεοελληνικής ιστορίας. Αθήνα: Θεμέλιο. (Bu kitap Türkçeye Panayot Abacı tarafından Çağdaş Hellen Tarihine Bakış başlığı ile çevrilip Belge Yayınları tarafından yayımlanmıştır.)Τζούμα, Ά. (2007). Εκατό χρόνια νοσταλγίας. Το αυτοβιογραφικό αφήγημα Έθνος. Αθήνα: Μεταίχμιο.Beaton, R. (2015). Η Ιδέα του έθνους στην ελληνική λογοτεχνία. Από το Βυζάντιο στη σύγχρονή Ελλάδα. (Ε. Πιπίνη & Ν. Νοτιά, çev.) Ηράκλειο: Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Κρήτης.Clogg, R. (1997). Modern Yunanistan tarihi. İstanbul: İletişim.Jusdanis, G. (2015). Gecikmiş modernlik ve estetik kültür: milli edebiyatın icat edilişi. (T. Birkan, çev.) İstanbul: Metis.Mackridge, P. (2010, Kasım). Language and national identity among the Greeks and the South Slavs, 1800 to 2000. Goldmiths College, Londra Üniversitesi’nde yapılan konuşma, Londra. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/32474886/Language_and_national_identity_among_the_Greeks_and_the_South_Slavs_1800_to_2000Mackridge, P. (2013). Γλώσσα και εθνική ταυτότητα στην Ελλάδα, 1766-1976. (Γ. Κονδύλης, çev.) Αθήνα: Πατάκη.Özkırımlı, U. ve SOFOS, S. A. (2013). Tarihin Cenderesinde: Yunanistan ve Türkiye’de Milliyetçilik. (S. T. Özsakınç ve Ö. Bülbül ,çev.) İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.Sevim, A. (2008). Halk Milliyetçiliğinin Öncüsü Herder. İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat.

The Language Question in Greece From the 18th to the 20th Century and the Invention of the National Person

Year 2019, , 85 - 98, 17.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.444472

Abstract

The main target of the language question in Greek intellectual life, from the late 18th century to the beginning of the
20th century, is the invention of the national person. These arguments evolve around three axes: to prove that the Greek
nation is the heir of the Ancient Hellenic culture, to prove that it has a European identity and to put the Greek irredentist
project into effect. The language question that preceded Greek national movement is about how to transfer European
thought to the Greek community and how to prove the European identity of the Greeks to Europeans. Fundamentally
all of these debates were based on a concept that was essentially created by the sovereign European discourse and
cultivated in the sense of slavery-freedom. The Ottoman Empire was perceived as "slavery/yoke" by the 18th century
Greek intelligentsia. It was necessary to get rid of this "yoke" as soon as possible. It was thought that education is
salvation. The fierce debate at the end of the 19th century is predominantly about how the Greek Megali Idea can be realized. According to this discourse, Greece had Greeks who were outside the borders of the state since its
establishment as a national state and were awaiting "rescue". While the intelligentsia was creating a common code
with the Greeks of Anatolia over the Orthodox sect, it was trying to create another common code with the Orthodox
population of the Balkans on the language. This second group was living in Macedonia, a region that is still troubled.
At the end of the 19th century, Greek nationalism undertook the Greekization project of the Orthodox Christian people
who lived here and spoke one of the Slavic languages as their mother tongue, by destroying other nationalisms in the
region. Thus they tried to create a common code in language. In this context, both the vernacularists and the archaists
work to achieve a common goal: to create Greeks from the people of this region. This paper will first focus on the
language battle between the Greek speaking Orthodox Christian intellectuals of the Ottoman Empire. Then, it will
study the language debates from the 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century.

References

  • Βαρελάς, Λ. (2013). “Εισαγωγή” στο Ασώπιος, Κ. Τα Σούτσεια. Λ. Βαρελάς (Ed.). Αθήνα: Νεοελληνική Βιβλιοθήκη Ίδρυμα Κώστα και Ελένης Ουράνη.Γουνελάς, Χ. Δ. (1984). Η σοσιαλιστική συνείδηση στην ελληνική λογοτεχνία, 1897-1912. Αθήνα: Κέδρος.Δημαράς, K. Θ. (2009). Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Αθήνα: Ερμής.Κοδρικάς, Π. Κ. (1998). Μελέτη της κοινής ελληνικής διαλέκτου, Ά. Αγγέλου (Ed.). Αθήνα: Μ.Ι.Ε.Τ.Κονδύλης, Π. (2008). Ο Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Οι φιλοσοφικές ιδέες, Αθήνα: Θεμέλιο.Κοραής, Αδ. (1833). Συλλογή των προλεγομένων. Εν Παρισίοις: Εκ της Τυπογραφίας Κ. Εβεράρτου. Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/Casper/Downloads/downloaded.pdfΝτίνας, K. (1999, Kasım). Ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός και το γλωσσικό ζήτημα. Νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός. Απόπειρα μιας νέας ερευνητικής συγκομιδής içinde. Kitap ve Okuma Enstitüsü’nün toplantısında gerçekleştirilen sempozyum, Kozani/Yunanistan.Πεχλιβάνος, M. (1999). Εκδοχές Νεοτερικότητας στην κοινωνία του Γένους. Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Ιώσηπος Μοισιόδαξ, Αδαμάντιος Κοραής (Doktora tezi). Erişim adresi: http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/10333#page/1/mode/2upΠολίτης, Λ. (2001). Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας. Αθήνα: Μ.Ι.Ε.Τ.Σβωρόνος, N. (1999). Επισκόπηση της νεοελληνικής ιστορίας. Αθήνα: Θεμέλιο. (Bu kitap Türkçeye Panayot Abacı tarafından Çağdaş Hellen Tarihine Bakış başlığı ile çevrilip Belge Yayınları tarafından yayımlanmıştır.)Τζούμα, Ά. (2007). Εκατό χρόνια νοσταλγίας. Το αυτοβιογραφικό αφήγημα Έθνος. Αθήνα: Μεταίχμιο.Beaton, R. (2015). Η Ιδέα του έθνους στην ελληνική λογοτεχνία. Από το Βυζάντιο στη σύγχρονή Ελλάδα. (Ε. Πιπίνη & Ν. Νοτιά, çev.) Ηράκλειο: Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Κρήτης.Clogg, R. (1997). Modern Yunanistan tarihi. İstanbul: İletişim.Jusdanis, G. (2015). Gecikmiş modernlik ve estetik kültür: milli edebiyatın icat edilişi. (T. Birkan, çev.) İstanbul: Metis.Mackridge, P. (2010, Kasım). Language and national identity among the Greeks and the South Slavs, 1800 to 2000. Goldmiths College, Londra Üniversitesi’nde yapılan konuşma, Londra. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/32474886/Language_and_national_identity_among_the_Greeks_and_the_South_Slavs_1800_to_2000Mackridge, P. (2013). Γλώσσα και εθνική ταυτότητα στην Ελλάδα, 1766-1976. (Γ. Κονδύλης, çev.) Αθήνα: Πατάκη.Özkırımlı, U. ve SOFOS, S. A. (2013). Tarihin Cenderesinde: Yunanistan ve Türkiye’de Milliyetçilik. (S. T. Özsakınç ve Ö. Bülbül ,çev.) İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.Sevim, A. (2008). Halk Milliyetçiliğinin Öncüsü Herder. İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslı Çete 0000-0002-9677-6502

Publication Date June 17, 2019
Submission Date July 17, 2018
Acceptance Date December 5, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Çete, A. (2019). 18. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla Yunanistan’da Dil Sorunu ve Ulusal Bireyin İcadı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.444472


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