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Year 2013, Volume: 28 Issue: 28-2, 364 - 376, 01.06.2013

Leyla Saraç

Abstract

This study aimed to explore views towards homosexual athletes among 298 male and 173 female sport sciences in Turkey. Students’ views were assessed in relation to their gender using a Homophobia in Sports Scale. The results showed that male and female students’ views towards gay male athletes were significantly different, but that attitudes towards lesbian athletes were not. Also, no difference was found between male and female students’ overall views on the level of acceptance of homosexual athletes in various sports. Male and female students’ level of acceptance toward homosexual athletes was lowest for wrestling, boxing, weight lifting, and football; students’ level of acceptance was highest in figure skating, gymnastics, and golf. Similarly, no difference was found between male and female students’ use of positive and negative labels to describe a popular homosexual athlete.

Keywords

homosexuality gay athlete lesbian athlete homophobia

References

  • Alexander, C. J. (1997). Growth and intimacy for gay men: A workbook. Binghamton, NY: The Harrington Park Press/The Haworth Press, Inc.
  • American Psychological Association [APA] (2009). APA Help Center. Sexual orientation and homosexuality. Retrieved from http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/pdf.php?id=31, Retrieved on June 22, 2011.
  • Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender & Society, 16(6), 860-877.
  • Arnold, O., Voracek, M., Musalek, M., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2004). Austrian medical students’ attitudes towards male and female homosexuality: A comparative survey. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 30, 116(21-22), 730-736.
  • Birch, N. (2009). Gay Referee gets red card in Turkey. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/gay-referee-gets-red-card-in-turkey-1718056.html, Retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  • Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport (CAAWS) (2006). Seeing the invisible, speaking about the unspoken, a position paper on homophobia in sport. Retrieved from http://www.caaws.ca/pdfs/CAAWS_Homophobia_Discussion_Paper_E.pdf, Retrieved on May 27, 2011.
  • Clarke, G. (2003). There’s nothing queer about difference: challenging heterosexism and homophobia in physical education. In S. Hayes and G. Stidder (Eds.), Equity and Inclusion in Physical Education and Sport: Contemporary Issues for Teachers, Trainees and Practitioners (pp. 91-104). London: Routledge.
  • Clarke, G. (2002). Difference matters: sexuality and physical education. In D. Penney (Ed.) Gender and Physical Education: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (pp. 41-56). London: Routledge.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2006). Perception of homosexuality among Turkish university students: The roles of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 293-305.
  • Davison, K. G., & Frank, B. W. (2007). Sexualities, Genders, and Bodies in Sport: Changing Practices of Inequity. In K. Young, & P. White (Eds.), Sport and Gender in Canada (2 nd ed.), (pp. 178-193). New York, NY; Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.
  • Demers, G. (2006). Homophobia in sport-Fact of life, taboo subject. Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.coach.ca/WOMEN/e/journal/apr2006/April2006.pdf, Retrieved on July 22, 2011.
  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573-57
  • Harris, J. (2007). Doing gender on and off the pitch: The world of female football players. Sociological Research Online, 12(1). Retrieved from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/1/harris.html, Retrieved on January 17, 2011.
  • Harris, J. (2005). The image problem in women’s football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29(2), 184-197.
  • Hyde, J. S., DeLamater, J. D., & Byers E. S. (2006). Understanding Human Sexuality. McGraw-Hill:New York.
  • Kane, M. J. (2007). Sociological aspects of sport and physical activity. In J. Parks & J. Quarterman (Eds.), Contemporary sport management, 3rd ed (pp. 389-414). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Menken, K. (2006). Life as a Drag Ball: Gay Men and Lesbians in the Media: 1920-1942. In L. Castaneda & S. B. Campbell (Eds.), News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity (pp. 21-36). Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; London : Sage Publications.
  • Mennesson, C., & Clement, J. (2003). Homosociability and homosexuality: The case of soccer played by women. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(3), 311-330.
  • Messner, M. A. (2007). Out of Play: Critical Essays on Gender & Sport. State University of New York Pres: USA.
  • Morrow, R. G., & Gill, D. L. (2003). Perceptions of homophobia and heterosexism in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 205-214.
  • Oksal, A. (2008). Turkish family members' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 58(7–8), 514–525.
  • Ottosson, D. (2009). State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults. Retrieved from An ILGA-The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex AssociationReport Online Web site: http://ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf, Retrieved on July 10, 2011.
  • Peper. K. (1994). “Female Athlete = Lesbian: A Myth Constructed from Gendex Role Expectations and Lesbiphobia.” In R. Jeffrey Ringer (Ed.), Queer Words, Queer Images (pp. 193–208). New York: New York University Press.
  • Plummer, K. (1992). Speaking Its Name: Inventing a Lesbian and Gay Studies. In K. Plummer (Ed.), Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience. London: Routledge.
  • Sakallı, N. (2002). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(3), 51–62.
  • Sakallı, N., & Uğurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students’ attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62.
  • Saraç, L. (2006). Fans attitudes toward homosexual athletes. A paper presented at the 9 th International Sports Sciences Congress, 3-5 November, Muğla, Turkey.
  • Saraç, L., & Ebem, Z. (2007). Homophobia in sports: What university level fans think about homosexual athletes? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Suppl. 10, 215 – 218.
  • Walther, T. (2006). Kick it out: Homophobia in football. European Gay & Lesbian Sport Federation (EGLSF). Retrieved from http://www.farenet.org/resources/EGLSF_Homophobia_in_Football_2006.pdf, Retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  • Witeck-Combs Communications, Inc./Harris Interactive (2002). Americans may be more accepting of gay athletes than even they suspect. Retrieved from http://www.witeckcombs.com/news/releases/20020819_accepting.pdf, Retrieved on July 10, 2011.

Exploring the Gender Differences in Sport Homophobia among Turkish Sport Sciences Students

Year 2013, Volume: 28 Issue: 28-2, 364 - 376, 01.06.2013

Leyla Saraç

Abstract

Bu çalışma 298 erkek 173 kadın Türk Spor Bilimleri öğrencilerinin eşcinsel sporculara ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesini amaçlamıştır. Öğrencilerin Sporda Homofobi Ölçeği kullanılarak alınan görüşleri cinsiyet değişkenine göre incelenmiştir. Bulgular erkek ve kadın öğrencilerin görüşlerinin eşcinsel erkek sporcuya karşı farklılık gösterdiğini; eşcinsel kadın sporcuya karşı ise farklılık göstermediğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, erkek ve kadın öğrencilerin farklı spor branşlarında eşcinsel sporcuların kabulüne yönelik görüşlerinde de bir fark bulunmamıştır. Erkek ve kadın öğrencilerin eşcinsel sporculara yönelik kabul düzeyinin düşük olduğu branşların güreş, boks, halter ve futbol; kabul düzeyinin yüksek olduğu branşların ise buz pateni, jimnastik ve golf olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Benzer şekilde, erkek ve kadın öğrencilerin popüler eşcinsel sporcuyu tanımlamak için kullandıkları sıfatlar arasında da fark ortaya çıkmamıştır.

Keywords

eşcinsellik gay sporcu lezbiyen sporcu homofobi

References

  • Alexander, C. J. (1997). Growth and intimacy for gay men: A workbook. Binghamton, NY: The Harrington Park Press/The Haworth Press, Inc.
  • American Psychological Association [APA] (2009). APA Help Center. Sexual orientation and homosexuality. Retrieved from http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/pdf.php?id=31, Retrieved on June 22, 2011.
  • Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender & Society, 16(6), 860-877.
  • Arnold, O., Voracek, M., Musalek, M., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2004). Austrian medical students’ attitudes towards male and female homosexuality: A comparative survey. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 30, 116(21-22), 730-736.
  • Birch, N. (2009). Gay Referee gets red card in Turkey. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/gay-referee-gets-red-card-in-turkey-1718056.html, Retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  • Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport (CAAWS) (2006). Seeing the invisible, speaking about the unspoken, a position paper on homophobia in sport. Retrieved from http://www.caaws.ca/pdfs/CAAWS_Homophobia_Discussion_Paper_E.pdf, Retrieved on May 27, 2011.
  • Clarke, G. (2003). There’s nothing queer about difference: challenging heterosexism and homophobia in physical education. In S. Hayes and G. Stidder (Eds.), Equity and Inclusion in Physical Education and Sport: Contemporary Issues for Teachers, Trainees and Practitioners (pp. 91-104). London: Routledge.
  • Clarke, G. (2002). Difference matters: sexuality and physical education. In D. Penney (Ed.) Gender and Physical Education: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (pp. 41-56). London: Routledge.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2006). Perception of homosexuality among Turkish university students: The roles of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 293-305.
  • Davison, K. G., & Frank, B. W. (2007). Sexualities, Genders, and Bodies in Sport: Changing Practices of Inequity. In K. Young, & P. White (Eds.), Sport and Gender in Canada (2 nd ed.), (pp. 178-193). New York, NY; Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.
  • Demers, G. (2006). Homophobia in sport-Fact of life, taboo subject. Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.coach.ca/WOMEN/e/journal/apr2006/April2006.pdf, Retrieved on July 22, 2011.
  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573-57
  • Harris, J. (2007). Doing gender on and off the pitch: The world of female football players. Sociological Research Online, 12(1). Retrieved from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/1/harris.html, Retrieved on January 17, 2011.
  • Harris, J. (2005). The image problem in women’s football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29(2), 184-197.
  • Hyde, J. S., DeLamater, J. D., & Byers E. S. (2006). Understanding Human Sexuality. McGraw-Hill:New York.
  • Kane, M. J. (2007). Sociological aspects of sport and physical activity. In J. Parks & J. Quarterman (Eds.), Contemporary sport management, 3rd ed (pp. 389-414). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Menken, K. (2006). Life as a Drag Ball: Gay Men and Lesbians in the Media: 1920-1942. In L. Castaneda & S. B. Campbell (Eds.), News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity (pp. 21-36). Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; London : Sage Publications.
  • Mennesson, C., & Clement, J. (2003). Homosociability and homosexuality: The case of soccer played by women. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(3), 311-330.
  • Messner, M. A. (2007). Out of Play: Critical Essays on Gender & Sport. State University of New York Pres: USA.
  • Morrow, R. G., & Gill, D. L. (2003). Perceptions of homophobia and heterosexism in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 205-214.
  • Oksal, A. (2008). Turkish family members' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 58(7–8), 514–525.
  • Ottosson, D. (2009). State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults. Retrieved from An ILGA-The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex AssociationReport Online Web site: http://ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf, Retrieved on July 10, 2011.
  • Peper. K. (1994). “Female Athlete = Lesbian: A Myth Constructed from Gendex Role Expectations and Lesbiphobia.” In R. Jeffrey Ringer (Ed.), Queer Words, Queer Images (pp. 193–208). New York: New York University Press.
  • Plummer, K. (1992). Speaking Its Name: Inventing a Lesbian and Gay Studies. In K. Plummer (Ed.), Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience. London: Routledge.
  • Sakallı, N. (2002). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(3), 51–62.
  • Sakallı, N., & Uğurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students’ attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62.
  • Saraç, L. (2006). Fans attitudes toward homosexual athletes. A paper presented at the 9 th International Sports Sciences Congress, 3-5 November, Muğla, Turkey.
  • Saraç, L., & Ebem, Z. (2007). Homophobia in sports: What university level fans think about homosexual athletes? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Suppl. 10, 215 – 218.
  • Walther, T. (2006). Kick it out: Homophobia in football. European Gay & Lesbian Sport Federation (EGLSF). Retrieved from http://www.farenet.org/resources/EGLSF_Homophobia_in_Football_2006.pdf, Retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  • Witeck-Combs Communications, Inc./Harris Interactive (2002). Americans may be more accepting of gay athletes than even they suspect. Retrieved from http://www.witeckcombs.com/news/releases/20020819_accepting.pdf, Retrieved on July 10, 2011.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Leyla Saraç This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 28 Issue: 28-2

Cite

APA Saraç, L. (2013). Exploring the Gender Differences in Sport Homophobia among Turkish Sport Sciences Students. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(28-2), 364-376.