Bakteriyel Vajinozisin Preterm Eylem Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 152 - 159, 31.08.2018

Tuğba Dündar , Sevgi Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.454375

Abstract

Her yıl yaklaşık 15 milyon bebek, preterm eylemle doğmakta ve yaklaşık 1 milyon çocuk,
preterm eylem sonucu gelişen komplikasyonlar nedeni ile hayatını kaybetmektedir. Preterm
eylem gelişiminde rol oynadığı düşünülen çok sayıda risk faktörü bulunmaktadır. Genetik
faktörler değiştirilemez risk faktörleri arasında iken; gebelik yaşı, enfeksiyonlar, çoğul gebelik,
stres, beslenme dengesizliği ve sigara içme gibi faktörler değiştirilebilir risk faktörleri arasında
yer almaktadır. Değiştirilebilir risk faktörleri arasında yer alan enfeksiyonlardan biri bakteriyel
vajinozistir. Bakteriyel vajinozis, kadınlarda sıklıkla görülen ve çoğunlukla asemptomatik
seyreden bir durumdur. Bu nedenle, düzenli pelvik muayene yaptırmayan kadınlarda teşhis
ve tedavisi gecikmektedir. Çok eşli olanlar, sigara içenler, vajinal duş yapanlar ve siyah ırktan
olanlar bakteriyel vajinozis açısından risk altındadır. Bakteriyel vajinozis, üreme çağındaki
kadınlarda sık rastlanan bir enfeksiyon olduğu için gebelik sırasında da görülebilmektedir.
Neredeyse her kadının hayatının bir parçasını oluşturan gebelik döneminde, bakteriyel
vajinozisin varlığının, preterm eylem görülme riskinde artışa neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu
nedenle; hemşirelerin, bakteriyel vajinozis açısından riskli gebeleri belirlemede, takip etmede,
gerektiğinde tedaviye yönlendirmede, vajinal enfeksiyonlar ve korunma yolları ile ilgili eğitim
ve danışmanlık vermede preterm eylemlerin önlenmesi açısından önemli rolü vardır.

Keywords

Bakteriyel vajinozis, gebelik, hemşirelik, preterm eylem

The Effect of Bacterial Vaginosis on Preterm Labor

Abstract

Approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely each year and about 1 million children
die because of complications resulting from preterm labor. There are a great number of risk
factors that are thought to play a role in the development of preterm labor. While genetic
factors are among the unmodifiable risk factors; gestational age, infections, multiple pregnancy,
stress, nutritional imbalance and smoking are among the modifiable risk factors. Among one of
the infections in modifiable risk factors is bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a common
condition seen among women and are usually asymptomatic. For this reason, diagnosis and
treatment are delayed in women who do not have regular pelvic examinations. Women who are
polygamous, smokers, practice vaginal douching and black are at risk for bacterial vaginosis.
Bacterial vaginosis can also be seen during pregnancy because it is a common infection in women of reproductive age. It has been determined that bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
causes an increased risk of developing preterm labor. Therefore, nurses play a crucial role in
identifying and following up risky pregnancies in terms of bacterial vaginosis, referral to care if
necessary, providing education and consultancy on vaginal infections and ways of prevention,
and thus prevent preterm labor.

Keywords

Bacterial vaginosis, pregnancy, nursing, preterm labor

References

• 1. World Health Organisation. URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/ April 20, 2016.
• 2. Gelişen O, Sivaslıoğlu AA. Preterm eylem. In: Çiçek MN, Akyürek C, Çelik Ç, Haberal A, editörler. Kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi; 2006. s. 726-727.
• 3. World Health Organisation. World health statistics, Geneva; 2013. p. 114.
• 4. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Williams obstetrics. 23rd edition. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2010. p. 804-830.
• 5. Passini R, Cecatti JG, Lajos GJ, Tedesco RP, Nomura ML, Dias TZ, et al. For the brazilian multicentre study on preterm birth study group brazilian multicentre study on preterm birth (emip): prevalence and factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Plos One 2014 9(10):1-12.
• 6. Schleußner E. The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of premature labor. Dtsch Arztebl International 2013; 110(13):227–236.
• 7. Offiah I, O’Donoghue K, Kenny L. Clinical risk factors for preterm birth. In: Morrison JC editor, Preterm birth - mother and child . InTech Published; 2012. p.368
• 8. DeFranco, EA, Stamilio, DM, Boslaugh, SE, Gross, GA, Muglia, LJ. A short interpregnancy interval is a risk factor for preterm birth and its recurrence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007 197(3):264-e1.
• 9. Nerlander, LM, Callaghan, WM, Smith, RA, Barfield, WD. Short interpregnancy interval associated with preterm birth in US adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2015 19(4):850-858.
• 10. Janša, V, Blickstein, I, Lučovnik, M, Fabjan-Vodušek, V, Verdenik, I, Tul, N. The impact of interpregnancy interval on subsequent risk of preterm birth. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2017:1-7.
• 11. Waldenström, U, Cnattingius, S, Vixner, L, Norman, M. Advanced maternal age increases the risk of very preterm birth, irrespective of parity: a population based register study. Bjog: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2017; 124(8):1235-1244.
• 12. Cavazos-Rehg, PA, Krauss, MJ, Spitznagel, EL, Bommarito, K, Madden, T, Olsen, M. Et al. Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2015 19(6):1202-1211.
• 13. Cauci S, Culhane JF. High sialidase levels increase preterm birth risk among women who are bacterial vaginosis-positive in early gestasion. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011 204:142.e1-9
• 14. Hobel CJ. Obstetrik komplikasyonlar: preterm eylem, erken membran rüptürü, intrauterin büyüme kısıtlılığı, postterm gebelik ve intrauterin fetal kayıp. In: Hacker NF, Moore JG, Gambone JG, editors, Obstetrik ve jinekolojinin temelleri 1. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2009. s.167-168.
• 15. Saling E, Dräger M. Program for prevention of infection-related premature births. infectious pregnancy complications. 1st Edition. USA: Nova Science Publishers; 2009. p. 167-175.
• 16. Hendrix NW. Bacterial vaginozis. Preterm birth: prevention and management. 1st Edition. Wiley- Blackwell; 2010. p.161-162.
• 17. Marazzo J. Bacterial vaginosis. sexually transmitted diseases. 1st Edition. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 54-56.
• 18. Taşkın L. Doğum ve kadın sağlığı hemşireliği. 12. Baskı. Ankara: Sistem Ofset; 2014, s. 585-586
• 19. Balcı O, Çapar M. Vajinal enfeksiyonlar. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005 2(5):14-20.
• 20. McGregor JA, french JI, Lench JB. Pelvik enfeksiyonlar: vulvovajinitler, cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonlar ve pelvik inflamatuar hastalık In: Hacker NF, Moore JG, Gambone JG editors, Obstetrik ve jinekolojinin temelleri 1. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2009. s. 296-297.
• 21. Donati L, DiVico A, Nucci M, Quagliozzi L, Spagnuolo T, Labianca A, et al. Vaginal microbial flora and outcome of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281: 589–600.
• 22. Yaltı E. Preterm eylem, EMR ve gebelik kaybı öyküsü olan gebelerde chlamydia trachomatis prevalansının araştırılması. Eskişehir. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi; 2012. s.37-41.
• 23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/bv.htm June, 2015.
• 24. Hodgson EJ, Lockwood CJ. Preterm birth: a complex disease. In: Berghella V, editör, Preterm birth: prevention and management. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p.9-12.
• 25. Bahram A, Hamid Baghchesaraie, Zohre T. Prevalance of bacterial vaginosis and impact of genital hygiene practices in non-pregnant women in zanjan, iran. Oman Medical Journal 2009 24(4): 1-6.
• 26. Mete S, Gerçek E. Vajinal duşun yaygınlığı, etkileyen etmenler ve sonuçları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 2005: 55-61.
• 27. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G, ReybrouckR, Van Den Bosch T, Riphagen I, et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG 2009;116:1315-1324.
• 28. Bartkevıcıene D, Dumalakıene I, Sılkūnas M, Drasutıene G, Arlauskıene A, Zakaravıcıene J. Bacterial vaginosis: risk factors and vaginal lavage cytokines IL-1B, IL-1RA. Sveıkatos Mokslaı 2011 21(6):10-15
• 29. Paul K, Boutain D, Manhart L, Hitti J. Racial disparity in bacterial vaginosis: the role of socioeconomic status, psychosocial stress and neighborhood characteristics and possible implications fo preterm birth. Social Science & Medicine 2008; 67: 824-833
• 30. Leitich, H, Bodner-Adler, B, Brunbauer, M, Kaider, A, Egarter, C, Husslein, P. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003 189(1):139-147.
• 31. Yum M, Smith J. Genital sistem enfeksiyonları. In: Lambrou NC, Morse AN, Wallach EE, editors. Johns hopkins jinekoloji ve obstetri el kitabı. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık; 2000. s.201.
• 32. Peterson E. İnfections during pregnancy. In: Infections in obstetrics and gynecology. New York; 2006. p. 207.
• 33. Hay PE, Morgan DJ, Ison CA. A longitudinal study bacteriel vaginosis during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1994;101:1048-1053.
• 34. Oakeshott, P, Kerry, S, Hay S, Hay P. Bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth: a prospective communitybased cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2004 54(499): 119-122.
• 35. Gupta A, Garg P, Nigam S. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy (<28 week) and its effect on pregnancy outcome: a study from a western up city. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2013 23(11):740-744.
• 36. Hendler I, Andrews WW, Carey CJ, Klabanoff MA, Noble WD, Sibai BM,et al. The relationship between resolution of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and spontaneous preterm birth in fetal fibronectin-positive women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007 197(5):488:e1-5.
• 37. Lim KH, Brooks H, McDougal R, Burton J, Devenish C, de Silva T. Is there a correlation between bacterial vaginosis and preterm labour in women in the Otagoregion of New Zealand? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010;50: 226–229.
• 38. Nelson DB, Hanlon A, Nachamkin I, Haggerty C, Mastrogiannis DS, Liu C, et al. Early pregnancy changes in bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014;28: 88-96.
• 39. Tebes CC, Lynch C, Sinnott J. The effect of treating bacterial vaginosis on preterm labor. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003;11:123–129.
• 40. Usui R, Ohkuchi S, Matsubara S, Izumi A, Watanabe T, Suzuki M. Vaginal lactobacilli and preterm birth. J Perinat Med 2000;30:458–466.
• 41. Nejad VM, Shafaie S. The association of bacterial vaginosis and preterm labor. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58(3).
• 42. Foxman B, Wen A, Srinivasan U, Goldberg D, Marris C, Owen J, et al. Mycoplasma, bacterialvaginosisassociated bacteria BVAB3, race, and risk of pretermbirth in a high-risk cohort. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014 210(226):1-7.
• 43. Romero R, Gotsch F, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP. İnflammation and infection. İn preterm birth: prevention and management. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010 p:59-60.
• 44. Kim MJ, Romero R, Gervasi MT, Kim JS, Yoo W, Lee DC, Mittal P et al. Widespread microbial invasion of the chorioamniotic membranes is a consequence and not a cause of intra-amniotic infection Lab Invest 2009 89(8):924-36.
• 45. Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, Goepfert AR, Faye-Petersen O, Cliver SP, Carlo WA, et al. The alabama preterm birth study: umbilicalcord blood ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasmahominis cultures in very preterm newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 198(1):41-45.
• 46. Gelişen O, Çalışkan E. Erken membran rüptürü. In: Beksaç MŞ, Demir N, Koç A, editörler; Obstetrik: maternal-fetal tıp ve perinatoloji. Ankara: Medikal Network; 2001. s. 1156-1165.
• 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideliness. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/specialpops.htm , January, 2017
• 48. Australian STI Management Guidline For Use in Primary Care. http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/ sexually-transmissible-infections/infections-associated-with-sex/bacterial-vaginosis#follow-up March, 2016
• 49. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 148(3):214-219.
• 50. Yudin MH, Money DM, Boucher M, Cormier B, Gruslin A, Ogilvie G, et al. Screening and management of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2008 30(8):702-708.