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Nursing Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 Patients

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı, 8 - 14, 09.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.775677

Abstract

COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 leads to flu-like illness, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pathological changes are alveolar damage, respiratory and multi-organ failure due to viral infection and immunological response. The goal of treatment and care is to ensure oxygenation. Current recommendations for COVID-19 ARDS management include treatment with high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (SpO2> 92%), prone positioning, and considering ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) therapy. Continuing research on COVID-19 may update information and care recommendations. In this article, COVID-19 ARDS, discussed with physiopathology, treatment and nursing care aspects.

References

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  • 2. Ak O. Soğuk Algınlığından Ölümcül Salgına! Küresel Kabus: Coronavirüs ve Covid-19. Tübitak Bilim ve Teknik. Mart 2020. Ankara. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/system/files/makale/12_soguk.pdf
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  • 5. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). 06 Nisan 2020. StatPearls Publishing. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776
  • 6. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020; 395 (10229):1033-34.
  • 7. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020; 1451-54.
  • 8. McIntosh K, Hisrch MS, Bloom A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19#H3103904400
  • 9. National Institute of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Critical Care. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ critical-care/general-considerations/
  • 10. Halaçlı B, Kaya A, Topeli A. Critically ill COVID-19 patient. Turk J Med Sci. 2020; 50: 585-91.
  • 11. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. NEJM. 2020; 382:1708-20.
  • 12. Goh KJ, Choong MCM, Cheong EHT, Kalimuddin S, Duu Wen S, Phua GC, et al. Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: Review of current understanding of critical ıllness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2020;49:108–18.
  • 13. Tang X, Ronghui D, Wang R, Cao T, Guan L, Yang C, et al. Comparison of hospitalized patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 and H1N1. Chest. 2020. (in press). doi.org: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.032
  • 14. Marini JJ, Gattioni L. Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress. JAMA. 2020. (in press). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6825
  • 15. ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012; 307: 2526-33.
  • 16. Fanelli V, Vlachou A, Ghannadian S, Simonetti U, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: new definition, current and future therapeutic options. J Thorac Dis. 2013; 5(3): 326–34.
  • 17. Hariprashad A, Rizzolo D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: an overview for physician assistants. JAAPA. 2013; 26:23-8.
  • 18. Gürsel G. Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi. 2002. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: http://www.yogunbakimdergisi.org/ managete/fu_folder/2002-02/html/2002-2-2-096-107.html.
  • 19. Fujishima, S. Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Intens Care. 2014; 2: 32. DOI: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32.
  • 20. Kaya A. Solunum Yetmezliği. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://file.toraks.org.tr/TORAKSFD23NJKL4NJ4H3BG3JH/kisokulu5-ppt-pdf/akin_kaya_solunum.pdf.
  • 21. Kaya Uğur B, Ganidağlı S. Akut respiratuar distres sendromunda güncel mekanik ventilasyon uygulamaları. doi: 10.5152/tcb.2014.029 [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.toraks.org.tr/uploadFiles/book/file/210201494859-180.pdf.
  • 22. Broccard AF. Making sense of the pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration ratio in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. OA Critical Care. 2013 Jun 01;1(1):9.
  • 23. Türk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireleri Derneği. Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Görev Alacak Hemşireler İçin Kaynak Kitapçık COVID-19 Pandemisi’ne Özel. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://tybhd.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TYBHD_COVID19_Kitapc%CC%A7%C4%B1k1.04.2020.pdf.
  • 24. Mosier JM, Hypes C, Joshi R, Whitmore S, Parthasarathy S, Cairns CB. Ventilator Strategies and Rescue Therapies for Management of Acute Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;66(5):529‐541.
  • 25. Ayazoğlu Akarsu T, Onk D. Erişkin akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu olan hastalarda ekstrakorporeal yaşam desteği: derleme. J Turk Soc Intens Care. 2015; 13:95-106.
  • 26. Gattioni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. Covid-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. AJRCCM. 2020. (in press). doi: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LE
  • 27. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. (in press). doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
  • 28. Gattioni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not?. BMC Critical Care. 2020; 24:154.
  • 29. Gattioni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatment for different phenotypes?. Intens Care Med. 2020. (in press). DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06033-2.
  • 30. Gibson PG, Qin L, Puah S. COVID-19 ARDS: clinical features and differences to “usual” pre-COVID ARDSç Med J Austç. 2020. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2020/covid-19-ards-clinical-features-and-differences-usual-pre-covid-ards.
  • 31. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4):420-422.
  • 32. Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol. 2020;1‐9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0.
  • 33. Matthay MA, Aldrich JM, Gotts JE. Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5):433-34.
  • 34. Aguirre-Bermeo H, Turella M, Bitondo M, Grandjean J, Italiano S, Festa O, et al. Lung volumes and lung volume recruitment in ARDS: a comparison between supine and prone position. Ann Intensive Care. 2018; 14; 8(1): 25.
  • 35. Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, Loeb M, Gong MN, Fan E, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020; 1-34.
  • 36. Liang T. Handbook of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://files.alicdn.com/tpsservice/ee33bb33f3583ea521f1e17e0800357e.pdf?spm=a3c0i.14138300.8102420620.download.6df3647f7wa4Hs&file=ee33bb33f3583ea521f1e17e0800357e.pdf.
  • 37. Çiftçi F. Yüksek Akımlı Oksijen Sistemleri. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi. 2018; 6(2): 171-176.
  • 38. Woods, DA. Managing COVID-19 ARDS. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/managing-covid-19-ards
  • 39. World Health Organization Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf.
  • 40. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.who.int/.

COVID-19 Hastalarında Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu (ARDS) Yönetimi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı, 8 - 14, 09.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.775677

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 nedeni ile gelişen COVID-19 grip benzeri hastalık, pnömoni ve akut solunum yetmezliğine (Acute Respiratory Distres Sendrom-ARDS) yol açmaktadır. Patolojik değişimler; viral enfeksiyon ve immünolojik yanıta bağlı olarak oluşan alveolar hasar, solunum ve multi-organ yetmezliğidir. Tedavi ve bakımın hedefi oksijenasyonun sağlanmasıdır. COVID-19 ARDS yönetiminde güncel öneriler; SpO2 >%92 olacak şekilde yüksek akımlı nazal kanül ile oksijen tedavisini, prone pozisyonunun uygulanmasını ve ECMO (ekstrakorporeal membran oksijenasyonu) kullanımının değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. COVID-19 ile ilgili araştırmaların devam etmesi bilgi ve önerilerin yenilenmesini gerektirebilmektedir. Bu makalede SARS-CoV-2 ile gelişen COVID-19 akut solunum yetmezliği tablosu, ARDS gelişim fizyopatolojisi, tedavisi ve hemşirelik bakımı ele alınmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi. 14 Nisan 2020. Ankara. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf
  • 2. Ak O. Soğuk Algınlığından Ölümcül Salgına! Küresel Kabus: Coronavirüs ve Covid-19. Tübitak Bilim ve Teknik. Mart 2020. Ankara. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/system/files/makale/12_soguk.pdf
  • 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of Coronavirus. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
  • 4. Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Jiang C, Penninger JM. Lessons from SARS: control of acute lung failure by the SARS receptor ACE2. Int J Mol Med. 2006; 84(10):814-20.
  • 5. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). 06 Nisan 2020. StatPearls Publishing. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776
  • 6. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet. 2020; 395 (10229):1033-34.
  • 7. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020; 1451-54.
  • 8. McIntosh K, Hisrch MS, Bloom A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19#H3103904400
  • 9. National Institute of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Critical Care. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ critical-care/general-considerations/
  • 10. Halaçlı B, Kaya A, Topeli A. Critically ill COVID-19 patient. Turk J Med Sci. 2020; 50: 585-91.
  • 11. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. NEJM. 2020; 382:1708-20.
  • 12. Goh KJ, Choong MCM, Cheong EHT, Kalimuddin S, Duu Wen S, Phua GC, et al. Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: Review of current understanding of critical ıllness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2020;49:108–18.
  • 13. Tang X, Ronghui D, Wang R, Cao T, Guan L, Yang C, et al. Comparison of hospitalized patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 and H1N1. Chest. 2020. (in press). doi.org: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.032
  • 14. Marini JJ, Gattioni L. Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress. JAMA. 2020. (in press). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6825
  • 15. ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012; 307: 2526-33.
  • 16. Fanelli V, Vlachou A, Ghannadian S, Simonetti U, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: new definition, current and future therapeutic options. J Thorac Dis. 2013; 5(3): 326–34.
  • 17. Hariprashad A, Rizzolo D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: an overview for physician assistants. JAAPA. 2013; 26:23-8.
  • 18. Gürsel G. Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi. 2002. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: http://www.yogunbakimdergisi.org/ managete/fu_folder/2002-02/html/2002-2-2-096-107.html.
  • 19. Fujishima, S. Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Intens Care. 2014; 2: 32. DOI: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32.
  • 20. Kaya A. Solunum Yetmezliği. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://file.toraks.org.tr/TORAKSFD23NJKL4NJ4H3BG3JH/kisokulu5-ppt-pdf/akin_kaya_solunum.pdf.
  • 21. Kaya Uğur B, Ganidağlı S. Akut respiratuar distres sendromunda güncel mekanik ventilasyon uygulamaları. doi: 10.5152/tcb.2014.029 [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.toraks.org.tr/uploadFiles/book/file/210201494859-180.pdf.
  • 22. Broccard AF. Making sense of the pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration ratio in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. OA Critical Care. 2013 Jun 01;1(1):9.
  • 23. Türk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireleri Derneği. Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Görev Alacak Hemşireler İçin Kaynak Kitapçık COVID-19 Pandemisi’ne Özel. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://tybhd.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TYBHD_COVID19_Kitapc%CC%A7%C4%B1k1.04.2020.pdf.
  • 24. Mosier JM, Hypes C, Joshi R, Whitmore S, Parthasarathy S, Cairns CB. Ventilator Strategies and Rescue Therapies for Management of Acute Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;66(5):529‐541.
  • 25. Ayazoğlu Akarsu T, Onk D. Erişkin akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu olan hastalarda ekstrakorporeal yaşam desteği: derleme. J Turk Soc Intens Care. 2015; 13:95-106.
  • 26. Gattioni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. Covid-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. AJRCCM. 2020. (in press). doi: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LE
  • 27. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. (in press). doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
  • 28. Gattioni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not?. BMC Critical Care. 2020; 24:154.
  • 29. Gattioni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatment for different phenotypes?. Intens Care Med. 2020. (in press). DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06033-2.
  • 30. Gibson PG, Qin L, Puah S. COVID-19 ARDS: clinical features and differences to “usual” pre-COVID ARDSç Med J Austç. 2020. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2020/covid-19-ards-clinical-features-and-differences-usual-pre-covid-ards.
  • 31. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4):420-422.
  • 32. Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol. 2020;1‐9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0.
  • 33. Matthay MA, Aldrich JM, Gotts JE. Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5):433-34.
  • 34. Aguirre-Bermeo H, Turella M, Bitondo M, Grandjean J, Italiano S, Festa O, et al. Lung volumes and lung volume recruitment in ARDS: a comparison between supine and prone position. Ann Intensive Care. 2018; 14; 8(1): 25.
  • 35. Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, Loeb M, Gong MN, Fan E, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020; 1-34.
  • 36. Liang T. Handbook of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://files.alicdn.com/tpsservice/ee33bb33f3583ea521f1e17e0800357e.pdf?spm=a3c0i.14138300.8102420620.download.6df3647f7wa4Hs&file=ee33bb33f3583ea521f1e17e0800357e.pdf.
  • 37. Çiftçi F. Yüksek Akımlı Oksijen Sistemleri. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi. 2018; 6(2): 171-176.
  • 38. Woods, DA. Managing COVID-19 ARDS. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/managing-covid-19-ards
  • 39. World Health Organization Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf.
  • 40. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2020]. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.who.int/.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İmatullah Akyar This is me 0000-0003-3551-8099

Publication Date August 9, 2020
Submission Date May 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

Vancouver Akyar İ. COVID-19 Hastalarında Akut Solunum Sıkıntısı Sendromu (ARDS) Yönetimi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. JOHUFON. 2020;7(Özel Sayı):8-14.