Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors in University Students Who Are COVID-19 Positive and Recovered

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 143 - 151, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.1282597

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to determine the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and associated factors in university students who are COVID-19 positive and recovered.
Material and Methods: The population of this descriptive study consisted of all undergraduate students (N=15.541) studying at a university between December 2021 and January 2022, and the sample consisted of 486 students who agreed to participate in the study. Socio-Demographic Questionnaire Form, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Short Scale (PTSD-CS), Childhood Trauma Scale (CTS), and Risky Behaviors Scale (RDS) were used as data collection tools. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 program by percentile, mean, one-way ANOVA, independent sample t-test, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: 77% of the participants were women, and the mean PTSD-CS total score was 15.17±9.40 (min=0; max=36). The mean PTSD-CS scores of women (p=0.001), those with chronic diseases (p=0.01), and smokers (p=0.004) were found to be high (p=0.01). There was a statistically significant relationship between CTS total, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, and overprotection and control sub-dimensions and the mean PTSD-CS scores. A significant relationship was found between all sub-dimensions of the RDS scale and the mean PTSD-CS score.
Conclusion: Approximately one-fifth of the students are at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder.

References

  • 1. Agorastos A, Tsamakis K, Solmi M, Correll CU, Bozikas VP. The need for holistic, longitudinal and comparable, real-time assessment of the emotional, behavioral and societal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across nations. Psychiatriki. 2021;32:15-8.
  • 2. Gautam M, Kaur M, Mahr G. COVID-19-Associated psychiatric symptoms in health care workers: Viewpoint from internal medicine and psychiatry residents. Psychosomatics. 2020;61:579-81.
  • 3. Zhang L, Pan R, Cai Y, Pan J. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2021;18:426-33.
  • 4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington: Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association; 2013. p. 265-291.
  • 5. Kaseda ET, Levine AJ. Post traumatic stress disorder: A differential diagnostic consideration for COVID 19 survivors. Clin Neuropsychol. 2020;34:1498 514.
  • 6. Xiao S, Luo D, Xiao Y. Survivors of COVID-19 are at high risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5(29):1-3.
  • 7. Liang L, Ren H, Cao R, Hu Y, Qin Z, Li C, et al. The Effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. psychiatric quarterly. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2020;91(3):841-52.
  • 8. Salehi M, Amanat M, Mohammadi M, Salmanian M, Rezaei N, Saghazadeh A, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder related symptoms in Coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic-review and meta-analysis Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;282:527-38.
  • 9. Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218-39.
  • 10. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-5.
  • 11. Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113264. 12. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • 13. Kara B. Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students. AIMS Medical Science. 2022;9(1):1-4.
  • 14. Browning MHEM, Larson LR, Sharaievska I, Rigolon A, McAnirlin O, Mullenbach L, et al. Psychological impacts from COVID19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0245327.
  • 15. Huckins JF, daSilva AW, Wang W, Hedlund E, Rogers C, Nepal SK, et al. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. J Med Internet Res. 2020:22(6):e20185.
  • 16. Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19. J South Med Univ. 2020;40(2):171-6.
  • 17. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
  • 18. Giannopoulou I, Galinaki S, Kollintza E, Adamaki M, Kympouropoulos S, Alevyzakis E, et al. COVID 19 and post traumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2021;22(1162):1-7.
  • 19. Chil X, Becker B, Yu Q, Willeit P, Jiao C, Huang L, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among Chinese college students during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020;11(803):1-9. 20. Alpay EH, Aydın A, Bellur Z. Çocukluk çağı travmalarının depresyon ve travma sonrası stres belirtileri ile ilişkisinde duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2017;20:218-26.
  • 21. Ullman SE, Peter-Hagene LC. Longitudinal relationships of social reactions, PTSD, and Revictimization in sexual assault survivors. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):1074-94.
  • 22. Klanecky A, McChargue D, Tuliao A. Proposed pathways to problematic drinking via post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and dissociative tendencies following child/adolescent sexual abuse. J Addict Dis. 2016;35(3):180-193.
  • 23. Weiss NH, Bold KW, Contractor AA, Sullivan TP, Armeli S, Tennen H. Trauma exposure and heavy drinking and drug use among college students: Identifying the roles of negative and positive affectlability in a daily diary study. Addict Behav. 2018;79:131-7.
  • 24. Shin SH, McDonald SE, Conley D. Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and substance use among young adults: A latent class analysis. Addictive behaviors. 2018;8:187-92.
  • 25. Arslan G, Yıldırım M, Karataş Z, Kabasakal Z, Kılınç M. Meaningful living to promote complete mental health among university students in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2020;20(2):930-42.
  • 26. Karasar B, Canlı D. Psychological resilience and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatric Danubina. 2020;32(2):273-9.
  • 27. Öz Ceviz N, Tektaş N, Basmacı G, Tektaş M. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen değişkenlerin analizi. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi. 2020;3(2):312-29.
  • 28. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • 29. Kaparounaki CK, Patsali ME, Mousa DPV, Papadopoulou EV, Papadopoulou KK, Fountoulakis KN. University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113111.
  • 30. Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113108.
  • 31. Baltacı A. Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;7(1):231-274.
  • 32. Karagöz Y. SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Yayınevi; 2017. s.61.
  • 33. LeBeau R, Mischel E, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Friedman M, Craske M. Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):143-7.
  • 34. Evren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, Koroğlu E, Evren B, Ozen S, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-short scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2016;26(3):294-302.
  • 35. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1132-36.
  • 36. Şar V, Necef I, Mutluer T, Parmis F, Türk Kurtça T. A Revised and expanded version of the Turkish childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ-33): Overprotection-overcontrol as additional factor. J Trauma Dissociation. 2021;22(1):35-51.
  • 37. Gençtarım D. Riskli davranışlar ölçeği üniversite formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2014;5(1):24-34.
  • 38. Can A. Bir değişken ile ilişkisi olan bir dizi değişkendeki değişimlerin, incelenen değişken üzerindeki etkilerini inceleme. SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Veri Analizi. Yedinci Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık; 2019. s. 291.
  • 39. Wathelet M, Fovet T, Jousset A, Duhem S, Habran E, Horn M, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among French university students 1 month after the COVID-19 lockdown. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):327.
  • 40. Zhou X, Doig SR, Liu X, Carvalho AF, Yang L, Xiao T, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among Chinese college students during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontier Psychiatry. 2020;11:803.
  • 41. Ricotta EE, Kwan JL, Smith BA, Evans NG. Chronic diseases: Perceptions about COVID-19 risk and vaccination. MedRxiv. 2022;2021.03.17.21253760
  • 42. Korkmaz H, Güloğlu B. The role of uncertainty tolerance and meaning in life on depression and anxiety throughout COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;179:110952.
  • 43. Essadek A. Mental health of French students during the covid-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:392-3.
  • 44. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921.
  • 45. Jiang HJ, Nan J, Lv ZY, Yang J. Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020;13(6):252-9.
  • 46. Kratzer L, Heinz P, Pfitzer F, Padberg F, Jobst A, Schennach R. Mindfulness and pathological dissociation fully mediate the association of childhood abuse and PTSD symptomatology. J Trauma Dissociation. 2018;2(1):5-10.
  • 47. Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychol Med. 2022;52(8):1587-1599.
  • 48. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med. 2021:51(6):1052-53.
  • 49. Sher L. Are COVID-19 survivors at increased risk for suicide? Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2020;32:270. 50. Ammerman BA, Burke TA, Jacobucci R, McClure K. Preliminary Investigation of the association between COVID-19 and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the US. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;134:32-8.
  • 51. Langdon KJ, Rubin A, Brief DJ, Enggasser JL, Roy M, Solhan M et al. Sexual traumatic event exposure, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and alcohol misuse among women: A critical review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2017;24(1):5-22.
  • 52. Guliyev C, Kalkan Ö, Tekin K, Tuna ZO, Ögel K. Comparison of individuals with and without the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in terms of substance use features and psychological problems according to their substance preferences. Alpha Psychiatry. 2021;22(3):153-8.
  • 53. Yitayih Y, Soboka M, Tesfaye E, Abera M, Mamuru A, Adoran K. Trauma exposure and alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Jimma Zone correctional institution, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):748.
  • 54. Kargın M, Hiçdurmaz D. Madde kullanım bozukluğu olan bireylerde sosyal işlevsellik, algılanan esenlik ve stresle başa çıkma. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2018;19(2):35-9.

COVID-19 Pozitif Olan ve İyileşen Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Riski ve İlişkili Faktörler

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 143 - 151, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.1282597

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 pozitif olan ve iyileşen üniversite öğrencilerinde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) riski ve ilişkili faktörlerin belirlenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki araştırmanın evrenini bir üniversitenin fakülte ve yüksekokullarında Aralık 2021-Ocak 2022 tarihleri arasında öğrenim gören tüm lisans öğrencileri (N=15.541), örneklemi araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 486 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kısa Ölçeği (TSSB-KÖ), Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği (ÇÇTÖ), Riskli Davranışlar Ölçeği (RDÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 25.0 programında yüzdelik, ortalama, tek yönlü varyans analizi, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, korelasyon ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılarak edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların %77’si kadındır ve TSSB-KÖ toplam puan ortalamaları 15.17±9.40 (min=0, max=36)’dır. Kadınların (p=0.001), kronik hastalığı olanların (p=0.01) ve sigara kullananların (p=0.004) TSSB-KÖ puan ortalamaları yüksek bulunmuştur (p=0.01). ÇÇTÖ toplam, duygusal taciz, fiziksel taciz, duygusal ihmal, cinsel taciz ve aşırı koruma ve kontrol alt boyutları ile TSSB-KÖ puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. RDÖ ölçeği tüm alt boyutları ile TSSB-KÖ puan ortalaması arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Öğrencilerin yaklaşık beşte birinde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu riski bulunmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Agorastos A, Tsamakis K, Solmi M, Correll CU, Bozikas VP. The need for holistic, longitudinal and comparable, real-time assessment of the emotional, behavioral and societal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across nations. Psychiatriki. 2021;32:15-8.
  • 2. Gautam M, Kaur M, Mahr G. COVID-19-Associated psychiatric symptoms in health care workers: Viewpoint from internal medicine and psychiatry residents. Psychosomatics. 2020;61:579-81.
  • 3. Zhang L, Pan R, Cai Y, Pan J. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2021;18:426-33.
  • 4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington: Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association; 2013. p. 265-291.
  • 5. Kaseda ET, Levine AJ. Post traumatic stress disorder: A differential diagnostic consideration for COVID 19 survivors. Clin Neuropsychol. 2020;34:1498 514.
  • 6. Xiao S, Luo D, Xiao Y. Survivors of COVID-19 are at high risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5(29):1-3.
  • 7. Liang L, Ren H, Cao R, Hu Y, Qin Z, Li C, et al. The Effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. psychiatric quarterly. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2020;91(3):841-52.
  • 8. Salehi M, Amanat M, Mohammadi M, Salmanian M, Rezaei N, Saghazadeh A, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder related symptoms in Coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic-review and meta-analysis Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;282:527-38.
  • 9. Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218-39.
  • 10. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-5.
  • 11. Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113264. 12. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • 13. Kara B. Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students. AIMS Medical Science. 2022;9(1):1-4.
  • 14. Browning MHEM, Larson LR, Sharaievska I, Rigolon A, McAnirlin O, Mullenbach L, et al. Psychological impacts from COVID19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0245327.
  • 15. Huckins JF, daSilva AW, Wang W, Hedlund E, Rogers C, Nepal SK, et al. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. J Med Internet Res. 2020:22(6):e20185.
  • 16. Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19. J South Med Univ. 2020;40(2):171-6.
  • 17. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
  • 18. Giannopoulou I, Galinaki S, Kollintza E, Adamaki M, Kympouropoulos S, Alevyzakis E, et al. COVID 19 and post traumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2021;22(1162):1-7.
  • 19. Chil X, Becker B, Yu Q, Willeit P, Jiao C, Huang L, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among Chinese college students during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020;11(803):1-9. 20. Alpay EH, Aydın A, Bellur Z. Çocukluk çağı travmalarının depresyon ve travma sonrası stres belirtileri ile ilişkisinde duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2017;20:218-26.
  • 21. Ullman SE, Peter-Hagene LC. Longitudinal relationships of social reactions, PTSD, and Revictimization in sexual assault survivors. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(6):1074-94.
  • 22. Klanecky A, McChargue D, Tuliao A. Proposed pathways to problematic drinking via post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and dissociative tendencies following child/adolescent sexual abuse. J Addict Dis. 2016;35(3):180-193.
  • 23. Weiss NH, Bold KW, Contractor AA, Sullivan TP, Armeli S, Tennen H. Trauma exposure and heavy drinking and drug use among college students: Identifying the roles of negative and positive affectlability in a daily diary study. Addict Behav. 2018;79:131-7.
  • 24. Shin SH, McDonald SE, Conley D. Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and substance use among young adults: A latent class analysis. Addictive behaviors. 2018;8:187-92.
  • 25. Arslan G, Yıldırım M, Karataş Z, Kabasakal Z, Kılınç M. Meaningful living to promote complete mental health among university students in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2020;20(2):930-42.
  • 26. Karasar B, Canlı D. Psychological resilience and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatric Danubina. 2020;32(2):273-9.
  • 27. Öz Ceviz N, Tektaş N, Basmacı G, Tektaş M. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen değişkenlerin analizi. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi. 2020;3(2):312-29.
  • 28. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • 29. Kaparounaki CK, Patsali ME, Mousa DPV, Papadopoulou EV, Papadopoulou KK, Fountoulakis KN. University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113111.
  • 30. Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113108.
  • 31. Baltacı A. Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;7(1):231-274.
  • 32. Karagöz Y. SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Yayınevi; 2017. s.61.
  • 33. LeBeau R, Mischel E, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Friedman M, Craske M. Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):143-7.
  • 34. Evren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, Koroğlu E, Evren B, Ozen S, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-short scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2016;26(3):294-302.
  • 35. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1132-36.
  • 36. Şar V, Necef I, Mutluer T, Parmis F, Türk Kurtça T. A Revised and expanded version of the Turkish childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ-33): Overprotection-overcontrol as additional factor. J Trauma Dissociation. 2021;22(1):35-51.
  • 37. Gençtarım D. Riskli davranışlar ölçeği üniversite formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2014;5(1):24-34.
  • 38. Can A. Bir değişken ile ilişkisi olan bir dizi değişkendeki değişimlerin, incelenen değişken üzerindeki etkilerini inceleme. SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Veri Analizi. Yedinci Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık; 2019. s. 291.
  • 39. Wathelet M, Fovet T, Jousset A, Duhem S, Habran E, Horn M, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among French university students 1 month after the COVID-19 lockdown. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):327.
  • 40. Zhou X, Doig SR, Liu X, Carvalho AF, Yang L, Xiao T, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among Chinese college students during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontier Psychiatry. 2020;11:803.
  • 41. Ricotta EE, Kwan JL, Smith BA, Evans NG. Chronic diseases: Perceptions about COVID-19 risk and vaccination. MedRxiv. 2022;2021.03.17.21253760
  • 42. Korkmaz H, Güloğlu B. The role of uncertainty tolerance and meaning in life on depression and anxiety throughout COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;179:110952.
  • 43. Essadek A. Mental health of French students during the covid-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:392-3.
  • 44. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921.
  • 45. Jiang HJ, Nan J, Lv ZY, Yang J. Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020;13(6):252-9.
  • 46. Kratzer L, Heinz P, Pfitzer F, Padberg F, Jobst A, Schennach R. Mindfulness and pathological dissociation fully mediate the association of childhood abuse and PTSD symptomatology. J Trauma Dissociation. 2018;2(1):5-10.
  • 47. Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychol Med. 2022;52(8):1587-1599.
  • 48. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med. 2021:51(6):1052-53.
  • 49. Sher L. Are COVID-19 survivors at increased risk for suicide? Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2020;32:270. 50. Ammerman BA, Burke TA, Jacobucci R, McClure K. Preliminary Investigation of the association between COVID-19 and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the US. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;134:32-8.
  • 51. Langdon KJ, Rubin A, Brief DJ, Enggasser JL, Roy M, Solhan M et al. Sexual traumatic event exposure, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and alcohol misuse among women: A critical review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2017;24(1):5-22.
  • 52. Guliyev C, Kalkan Ö, Tekin K, Tuna ZO, Ögel K. Comparison of individuals with and without the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in terms of substance use features and psychological problems according to their substance preferences. Alpha Psychiatry. 2021;22(3):153-8.
  • 53. Yitayih Y, Soboka M, Tesfaye E, Abera M, Mamuru A, Adoran K. Trauma exposure and alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Jimma Zone correctional institution, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):748.
  • 54. Kargın M, Hiçdurmaz D. Madde kullanım bozukluğu olan bireylerde sosyal işlevsellik, algılanan esenlik ve stresle başa çıkma. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2018;19(2):35-9.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Mental Health Nursing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aysun Güzel 0000-0002-7071-3511

Ayşe Sezer Balcı 0000-0002-6520-1669

Early Pub Date August 26, 2024
Publication Date August 28, 2024
Submission Date April 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Güzel A, Sezer Balcı A. COVID-19 Pozitif Olan ve İyileşen Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Riski ve İlişkili Faktörler. JOHUFON. 2024;11(2):143-51.