Doha Ticaret ve Çevre Müzakereleri: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler için Pazara Giriş

Year 2016, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 51 - 71, 30.09.2016

Ömer Tarık Gençosmanoğlu , Ahmet Şahinöz

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.259129

Abstract

Ticaret ve çevre etkileşimi, ihraç pazarlarına yönelik çevresel önlemlere uyum sağlamada sorunlar yaşayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler bakımından ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Serbest ticaret ve çevre ilişkisinin ilk kez doğrudan ele alındığı Doha Kalkınma Turu müzakereleri, gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomileri için ihraç pazarlarına giriş fırsatları sunmaktadır. Bugüne kadar yapılan görüşmelerde, bazı çevresel mallarda tarife indirimi konusunda ilerleme sağlanmıştır. Buna karşılık, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin pazara giriş açısından kazanç sağlamaları, müzakerelerde daha aktif bir tutum izleyerek, ticarette tarifelere göre daha fazla engel oluşturan tarife-dışı önlemlerin azaltılmasına bağlıdır.

Keywords

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, çevresel ürünler

DOHA NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT:MARKET ACCESS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Abstract

Trade
and environment inter-face is fundamental for developing economies which are
experiencing difficulties in complying with the environmental trade measures of
their export markets. Doha Round brings this relation into the multilateral
trade negotiating agenda for the first time and potentially provides developing
countries with opportunities to develop their market access. The talks on trade
and environment taken place so far have shown some progess in reducing import
tariffs on certain environmental goods. Nevertheless developing countries
should play an active part in the negotiations in order to lower non-tariff
barriers for their exportable goods, recognizing that thay are more significant
impediment to trade than tariffs.

References

• Agola, N. O. ve Awange, J. L. (2014), Globalized Poverty and Environment: 21st Century Challenges and Innovative Solutions, Springer Science & Business Media.
• Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., ve Taylor, M. S. (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?”, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
• Arrow, K. et. al. (1995), “Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment”, Ecological Economics, 15(2), 91-95.
• Balineau, G., ve Melo, J. D. (2011), “Stalemate at the Negotiations on Environmental Goods and Services at the Doha Round”, FERDI Working Paper, 28.10.2011, Fondation pour les Études et Recherches sur le Développement International.
• Bernasconi-Osterwalder, N. vd. (2006), Environment and Trade. London: Earthscan.
• Beyers, C. J. (1992), “The U.S./Mexico Tuna Embargo Dispute: a Case Study of the GATT and Environmental Progress”, Maryland Journal of International Law, 16(2), 229-253.
• Bjørnera, T. B., Hansena, L. G., ve Russell, C. S. (2004), “Environmental labeling and consumers’ choice—an empirical analysis of the effect of the Nordic Swan”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(3), 411-434.
• Chaytor, B. ve Cameron, J. (1999), “The Treatment of Environmental Considerations in the World Trade Organization”, H. O. Bergesen, G. Parmann ve Ø. B. Thommessen (eds.), Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 1999/2000, London: Earthscan Publications, 55-64.
• Claro, E. vd. (2007), “Trade in environmental goods and services and sustainable development: Domestic considerations and strategies for WTO negotiations”, Policy Discussion Paper, December, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva.
• Cole, M. A. (2004), “Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48(1), 71-81.
• Dean, J. M. (2002), “Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test”, The Canadian Journal of Economics, 35(4), 819-842.
• Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
• Ecolabel Index. (2015), Ecolabel Index, <http://www.ecolabelindex. com>, E.T.: 28.05.2015.
• Ekonomi Bakanlığı (2015), Çok Taraflı ve Bölgesel İlişkiler, <http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr>, E.T.: 02.06.2015.
• Fisher, R. (2002), “Trade and Environment in the FTAA: Learning from the NAFTA”, C. Deere, & E. Daniel (ed.), Greening the Americas: NAFTA's Lessons for Hemispheric Trade, MIT Press, 183-201.
• Fontagné, L., Kirchback, F. v., ve Mimouni, M. (2001), “A First Assessment of Environment-Related Trade Barriers”, CEPII Document de travail n°01-10.
• Frankel, J. A. (2003), “The Environment and Globalization” NBER Working Paper, 10090, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
• Frankel, J. A., ve Rose, A. K. (2005), “Is Trade Good or Bad for the Environment? Sorting Out the Causality”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(1), 85-91.
• Galizzi, P. (2005), “From Stockholm to New York, via Rio and Johannesburg: Has the Environment Lost its Way on the Global Agenda?”, Fordham International Law Journal, 29(5), 952-1008.
• Howse, R., ve Bork, P. B. (2006), Options for Liberalising Trade in Environmental Goods in the Doha Round, Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
• IISD ve UNEP (2014), Trade and Green Economy: A Handbook. Geneva: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
• ITC (2014), Trade in Environmental Goods and Services: Opportunities and Challenges, International Trade Centre, Geneva.
• Khatun, F. (2009), “Environment Related Trade Barriers and the WTO”, CPD Occasional Paper Series, 77, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh.
• Kim, J. A. (2007), “Issues of Dual Use and Reviewing Product Coverage of Environmental Goods”, OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers, 2007/01, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Marceau, G. Z. (2001), “Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship”, Journal of World Trade, 35(6), 1081-1131.
• MEA (2005), Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
• Najam, A. ve Cleveland, C. J. (2005), “Energy and Sustainable Development at Global Environmental Summits: An Evolving Agenda”, L. Hens ve B. Nath (eds,), The World Summit on Sustainable Development: The Johannesburg Conference, Springer Science & Business Media, 113-134.
• OECD (2005a), “Addressing Market Access Concerns of Developing Countries arising from Environmental and health Requirements: Lessons from National Experiences”, OECD Trade Policy Studies,
• OECD Publishing, Paris.
• OECD (2005b), “Trade that Benefits the Environment and Development Opening Markets for Environmental Goods and Services: Opening Markets for Environmental Goods and Services”, OECD Trade Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Orellana, M. A. (2002), “The Swordfish Dispute between the EU and Chile at the ITLOS and the WTO”, Nordic Journal of International Law, 71(1), 55-81.
• Panagariya, A. (2002), “Developing Countries at Doha: A Political Economy Analysis”, The World Economy, 25(9), 1205-1233.
• Pearson, C. S. (1993), “The Trade and Environment Nexus: What is New New Since 72?”, D. Zaelke, P. Orbuch ve R. Housman (eds.), Trade and the Environment: Law, Economics, and Policy, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 23-32.
• Petersmann, E-U. (1995). International and European Trade and Environmental Law After the Uruguay Round. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Phillips, D. (1993), “Dolphins and GATT”, R. Nader (ed.), The Case Against Free Trade: GATT, NAFTA, and the Globalization of Corporate Power, An Earth Island Press North Atlantic Books, 133-138.
• Sawhney, A. (2004), “WTO-Related Matters in Trade and Environment: Relationship Between WTO Rules and MEAs”, ICRIER Working Paper, 133, New Delhi.
• Scheuer, S. (2005), “A Critical Analysis of EU Environmental Legislation”, EU Environmental Policy Handbook, European Environmental Bureau.
• Sorsa, P. (1995), “Environmental Protectionism, North-South Trade, and the Uruguay Round”, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, (WP/95/6).
• Spalding, M. J. (1997), “Lessons of NAFTA for APEC”, Journal of Environment & Development, 6(3), 252-275.
• Stern, D. I. (2004), “The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439.
• Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., ve Barbier, E. B. (1996), “Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Sustainable Development”, World Development, 24(7), 1151-1160.
• Tarasofsky, R. G. (1999), “The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment: Is it making a Difference?”, J. A. Frowein ve R. Wolfrum (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Volume 3, London: Kluwer Law International Ltd., 471-488.
• Taşkın, F., ve Zaim, O. (2001), “The role of international trade on environmental efficiency: a DEA approach”, Economic Modelling, 18(1), 1-17.
• Teisl, M. F., Roe, B., ve Hicks., R. L. (2002), “Can Eco-Labels Tune a Market? Evidence from Dolphin-Safe Labeling”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43(3), 339-359.
• Tilman, D. (1999), “Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(11), 5995-6000.
• UN (1987), Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development,<http://www.un-documents. net/wced-ocf.htm>, E.T.: 16.06.2015.
• UN (1992), Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992), A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I), <http://www.un.org/documents/ga/ conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm> E.T.: 04.06.2015.
• UNEP (2004), The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: Opportunities and Challenges, United Nations Publication.
• UNEP (2010), Auditing the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs): A Primer for Auditors, UNON Publishing Services Section, Nairobi.
• UNEP (2015), Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, United Nations Environment Programme, <http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=97&articleid=1503>, E.T.: 31.05.2015.
• Vazquez-Brust, D. A. ve Sarkis, J. (2012), “Green Growth: Managing the Transition to Sustainable Economies: Learning By Doing in East Asia and Europe”, D. A. Vazquez-Brust ve J. Sarkis (eds.), Green Growth: Managing the Transition to a Sustainable Economy. Springer Science & Business Media, 1-26.
• Vijil, M. (2014), Implementation of APEC Environmental Goods List Commitments: Challenges and Next Steps, Seminar on APEC Environmental Goods List Commitments, August 13, 2014, Beijing, <http://www.ferdi.fr/sites/www.ferdi.fr/files/evenements/ presentations/201408_vijil_apec_ferdi.pdf>, E.T.: 07.06.2015.
• Vikhlyaev, A. (2004), “Environmental Goods and Services: Defining Negotiations or Negotiating Definitions?” UNCTAD Trade and Environment Review 2003, Article 2, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/ 2003/4.
• Ward, D. O. vd., (2011), “Factors influencing willingness-to-pay for the ENERGY STAR® label”, Energy Policy, 39(3), 1450-1458.
• Wold, C. (2008), “Evaluating NAFTA and The Commission for Environmental Cooperation: Lessons for Integrating Trade and Environment in Free Trade Agreements”, Saint Louis University Public Law Review, XXVIII(201), 201-252.
• WTO (1996), “The Effects of Environmental Measures on Market Access, Especially in Relation to Developing Countries, in Particular to the Least Developed Among Them”, Note by the Secretariat, WT/CTE/W/26, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (1999), “Technical Barriers to the Market Access of Developing Countries”, Background Note by the Secretariat, WT/CTE/W/101 G/TBT/W/103, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (2001), “Ministerial Declaration”, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (2004), “Trade and Environment at the WTO”, <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trade_env_e.pdf>, E.T.: 03.06.2013.
• WTO (2005), The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Cambridge University Press.
• WTO (2006), “Environmental Requirements and Market Access Recent Work in OECD and UNCTAD”, Note by the Secretariat, WT/CTE/W/244, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (2013), “Matrix on Trade-Related Measures Pursuant to Selected Multilateral Environmental Agreements”, Note by the Secretariat, WT/CTE/W/160/Rev.6, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (2014), “Environmental Database for 2012”, Note by the Secretariat, WT/CTE/EDB/12, World Trade Organization.
• WTO (2015a), Environmental disputes in GATT/WTO, World Trade Organization,<https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis00_e.htm>, E.T.: 04.06.2015.
• WTO (2015b), Environmental requirements and market access: preventing ‘green protectionism’, World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_req_e.htm>, E.T.: 12.07.2015.
• WTO (2015c), Negotiations on trade and the environment, World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir _negotiations_e.htm>, E.T.: 05.06.2015.
• WTO (2015d), Workshop on Environmental Goods and Services, World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir _e/wksp_goods_sept09_e/wksp_goods_sept09_e.htm>, E.T.: 19.06.2015.
• WTO (2015e), Azevêdo welcomes launch of plurilateral environmental goods negotiations, 08.07.2014, World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news14_e/envir_08jul14_e. htm>, E.T.: 06.06.2015.
• Yoo, S. H., ve Kim, J. (2011), “Trade Liberalization in Environmental Goods: Major Issues and Impacts”, Korea and the World Economy, 12(3), 579-610.