KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR

Burcu Berke; Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla

doi:10.17065/huniibf.1150730

Research Article

Determinants of Carbon Emissions: Spatial Findings for Selected European Union Countries

Year 2023, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 388 - 409, 27.09.2023

Burcu Berke , Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1150730

Abstract

One of the main reasons for the increasing climate change in the world is the "increase of carbon emissions". Although the traditional determinants of carbon emissions are widely researched in the literature, the possible effects of financial development, renewable energy and income inequality on these emissions are less discussed. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to investigate the determinants of carbon emissions for selected European Union countries in the period of 1991-2018 using the spatial panel data method. In the study, after controlling for the effects of other control variables (urbanization and growth), it is concluded that carbon emissions increase as income inequality and financial development increase, while these emissions decrease or environmental quality improves as renewable energy consumption increases. In addition, the "environmental Kuznets curve" hypothesis, which is based on the idea that carbon emissions will increase up to a certain threshold value and then decrease as the growth rate increases, seems to be valid. These results reveal that the reduction of climate change as well as carbon emissions for selected European Union countries depends on policies that will support renewable energy. Thus, shifts from carbon-intensive coal to low-carbon gas, or from fossil fuels to nuclear or renewable energy can reduce the level of overall global emissions.

Keywords

Carbon Emission, Renewable Energy, Financial Development, Spatial Analysis, European Union

References

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Agais, J. ve D. Chapman (1999). A Dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis, Ecological Economics, 28, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00040-8
Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 355, 4772-4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032 Anselin, L., J. L. Gallo ve H. Jayet, “Spatial Panel Econometrics”, içinde The Econometrics of Panel Data, ed: Laszlo Matyas ve Patrick Sevestre, (Springer,2008).
Baek, J., ve G. Gweisah (2013). Income inequality harm the environment: empirical evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 62, 1434-1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.097
Baek, J. (2016). Do nuclear and renewable energy improve the environment?: empirical evidence from the United States. Ecological Indicators, 66, 352-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.059
Bai, J., Li, S., Kang, Q., Wang, N., Guo, K., Wang, J., ve Cheng, J. (2021). Spatial Spillover Effects of Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions in Less-developed Areas of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17053-w
Balado-Naves, R., Baños-Pino, J. F., ve Mayor, M. (2018). Do countries influence neighbouring pollution? A spatial analysis of the EKC for CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 123, 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.059
Boutaba, M. A. (2009). Dynamic Linkages among European carbon markets. Economics Bulletin, 29(2), 499-511.
Behera, S. R. ve D.P. Dosh (2017). The effect of urbanization, energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) Region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.201.
Bekhet, H. A., A. Matar ve T. Yasmin (2017). CO2 Emissions, Energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development in GCC countries: dynamic simultaneous equation models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 117-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089
Boyce, J. K. (1994). Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 11, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90198-8
Burki, U. ve M. Tahir (2022). Determinants of environmental degradation evidenced based insights from ASEAN economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114506, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114506
Coondoo, D. ve S. Dinda (2002). Causality between income and emission: a country group-spesific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40, 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00280-4
Chevallier, J., D. Nguyen ve J. C. Reboredo (2019). A Conditional dependence approach to CO2-energy price relationship. Energy Economics, 81, 812-821. https://doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.05.010
Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages. Ecological Economics, 48, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.09.007
Doğan, E. ve F. Şeker (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
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Heerink, N., A. Mulatu ve E. Bulte (2001). Income inequality and the environment: aggregation bias in environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 38, 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00171-9.
Gianfrate, G. ve M. Peri (2019). The green advantage: explaining the convenience of issuing green bonds. Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.022
Grossmann, G. M. ve A.B. Krueger (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021). Climate change 2021: the physical science basis”, Sixth Report, Summary for policymakers, October, Switzerland.
Iwata, H., K. Okada ve S. Samreth (2012). Empirical study on the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.577023
Jalil, A. ve M. Feridun (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration analysis. Energy Economics, 33, 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003
Jorgenson, A., J. Schor ve X. Huang (2017). Income inequality and carbon emissions in the United States: a state-level analysis, 1997-2012. Ecological Economics, 134, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.016
Kanwal, M. ve H. Khan (2021). Does carbon asset add value to clean energy market?, evidence from EU. Green Finance, 3(4), 495-507. https://doi.org/10.3934/GF.2021023
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 1, 1-28.
Leitao, J., J. Ferreira ve E. S. Gonzales (2021). Green bonds, sustainable development and environmental policy in the European Union carbon market. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2077-2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2733
Lesage, J. ve R. K. Pace, Introduction to Spatial Econometrics (CRCTaylor&Francis Group, 2009).
Li, W., Y. Qiao, X. Li ve Y. Wang (2022). Energy consumption, pollution haven hypothesis, and environmental Kuznets curve: Examining the environment-economy link in belt and road initative countries. Energy, 239, 122559, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122559.
Liu, H., ve Y. Song (2020). Financial development and carbon emissions in China since the recent world financial crisis: Evidence from a spatial-temporal analysis and a spatial Durbin model. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 136771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136771
Menyah, K. ve Y. Wolde-Rufael (2010). CO2 Emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy, 38, 2911-2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024
Mo, B. Z. Li ve J. Meng (2021). The Dynamics of carbon on green energy equity investment: quantile on-quantile and quantile coherency approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29, 5912–5922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15647-y
Nasreen, S., S. Anwar ve İ. Öztürk (2017). Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: evidence from South Asian Economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.021
Nikwatoh, L. S. (2022). Zero-pollution effect and economic development, standard and nested environmental Kuznets curve analyses for West Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-021-01921-z
Öztürk, İ. ve A. Acaravcı (2013). Long run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Financial development, income inequality, and carbon emissions in Sub-Saharan African countries: a panel data analysis. Energy Exploration&Exploitation, 38(5), 1914-1931. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0144598720941999
Pao, H. J. ve C. M. Tsai (2011). Multivariate granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): evidence from panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China) Countries. Energy, 36, 685-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.041
Rai, S. K. ve A. Rowot (2022). Explaining the nexus between environment quality, economic development, and industrialization in BRICS nations: the role of technological innovation and income inequality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, January, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18181-z.
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Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 231-242.
Suki, N. M. (2022). The role of technology innovation and renewable energy in reducing environmental degradation in malaysia: a step towards sustainable environment. Renewable Energy, 182, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.007
Tamazian, A. J., P. Chousa ve K. C. Vadlamannati (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025
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KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR

Year 2023, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 388 - 409, 27.09.2023

Burcu Berke , Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1150730

Abstract

Dünyada giderek artan iklim değişikliğinin temel nedenlerinden biri “karbon emisyonlarının yükselmesi”dir. Literatürde karbon emisyonlarının geleneksel belirleyicilerinin yaygın olarak araştırılmasına karşın, finansal gelişme, yenilenebilir enerji ve gelir eşitsizliğinin bu emisyonlarda yaratabileceği olası etkiler daha az tartışılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın temel amacı 1991-2018 döneminde seçilmiş Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri için karbon emisyonlarının belirleyicilerini mekânsal panel veri yöntemini kullanarak araştırmaktır. Çalışmada diğer kontrol değişkenlerinin (kentleşme ve büyüme) etkileri kontrol edildikten sonra gelir eşitsizliği ve finansal gelişme arttıkça karbon emisyonları artarken, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi arttıkça bu emisyonların azaldığı veya çevresel kalitenin iyileştiği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ayrıca, büyüme oranı arttıkça karbon emisyonlarının belli bir eşik değere kadar artıp daha sonra azalacağı fikrine dayanan “çevresel Kuznets eğrisi” hipotezinin de geçerli olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, seçilmiş Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri için karbon emisyonlarının yanı sıra iklim değişikliklerinin azaltılabilmesinin yenilenebilir enerjiyi destekleyecek politikalara bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Dolayısıyla, karbon yoğun kömürden düşük karbonlu gaza veya fosil yakıttan nükleer enerji veya yenilenebilir enerji doğru kaymalar, toplam küresel emisyonlarının düzeyini azaltabilir.

Keywords

Karbon Emisyonu, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Finansal Gelişme, Mekansal Analiz, Avrupa Birliği

References

Al-Mulali, U. ve I. Öztürk (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanisation, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
Agais, J. ve D. Chapman (1999). A Dynamic approach to the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis, Ecological Economics, 28, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00040-8
Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 355, 4772-4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032 Anselin, L., J. L. Gallo ve H. Jayet, “Spatial Panel Econometrics”, içinde The Econometrics of Panel Data, ed: Laszlo Matyas ve Patrick Sevestre, (Springer,2008).
Baek, J., ve G. Gweisah (2013). Income inequality harm the environment: empirical evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 62, 1434-1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.097
Baek, J. (2016). Do nuclear and renewable energy improve the environment?: empirical evidence from the United States. Ecological Indicators, 66, 352-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.059
Bai, J., Li, S., Kang, Q., Wang, N., Guo, K., Wang, J., ve Cheng, J. (2021). Spatial Spillover Effects of Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions in Less-developed Areas of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17053-w
Balado-Naves, R., Baños-Pino, J. F., ve Mayor, M. (2018). Do countries influence neighbouring pollution? A spatial analysis of the EKC for CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 123, 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.059
Boutaba, M. A. (2009). Dynamic Linkages among European carbon markets. Economics Bulletin, 29(2), 499-511.
Behera, S. R. ve D.P. Dosh (2017). The effect of urbanization, energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) Region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.201.
Bekhet, H. A., A. Matar ve T. Yasmin (2017). CO2 Emissions, Energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development in GCC countries: dynamic simultaneous equation models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 117-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.089
Boyce, J. K. (1994). Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 11, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90198-8
Burki, U. ve M. Tahir (2022). Determinants of environmental degradation evidenced based insights from ASEAN economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114506, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114506
Coondoo, D. ve S. Dinda (2002). Causality between income and emission: a country group-spesific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40, 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00280-4
Chevallier, J., D. Nguyen ve J. C. Reboredo (2019). A Conditional dependence approach to CO2-energy price relationship. Energy Economics, 81, 812-821. https://doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.05.010
Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages. Ecological Economics, 48, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.09.007
Doğan, E. ve F. Şeker (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
Elhorst, J. P., 2012. Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geogr. Systems. 14 (1), 5–28. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-40340-8_4.
Heerink, N., A. Mulatu ve E. Bulte (2001). Income inequality and the environment: aggregation bias in environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 38, 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00171-9.
Gianfrate, G. ve M. Peri (2019). The green advantage: explaining the convenience of issuing green bonds. Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.022
Grossmann, G. M. ve A.B. Krueger (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021). Climate change 2021: the physical science basis”, Sixth Report, Summary for policymakers, October, Switzerland.
Iwata, H., K. Okada ve S. Samreth (2012). Empirical study on the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.577023
Jalil, A. ve M. Feridun (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration analysis. Energy Economics, 33, 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003
Jorgenson, A., J. Schor ve X. Huang (2017). Income inequality and carbon emissions in the United States: a state-level analysis, 1997-2012. Ecological Economics, 134, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.016
Kanwal, M. ve H. Khan (2021). Does carbon asset add value to clean energy market?, evidence from EU. Green Finance, 3(4), 495-507. https://doi.org/10.3934/GF.2021023
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 1, 1-28.
Leitao, J., J. Ferreira ve E. S. Gonzales (2021). Green bonds, sustainable development and environmental policy in the European Union carbon market. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2077-2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2733
Lesage, J. ve R. K. Pace, Introduction to Spatial Econometrics (CRCTaylor&Francis Group, 2009).
Li, W., Y. Qiao, X. Li ve Y. Wang (2022). Energy consumption, pollution haven hypothesis, and environmental Kuznets curve: Examining the environment-economy link in belt and road initative countries. Energy, 239, 122559, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122559.
Liu, H., ve Y. Song (2020). Financial development and carbon emissions in China since the recent world financial crisis: Evidence from a spatial-temporal analysis and a spatial Durbin model. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 136771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136771
Menyah, K. ve Y. Wolde-Rufael (2010). CO2 Emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy, 38, 2911-2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024
Mo, B. Z. Li ve J. Meng (2021). The Dynamics of carbon on green energy equity investment: quantile on-quantile and quantile coherency approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29, 5912–5922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15647-y
Nasreen, S., S. Anwar ve İ. Öztürk (2017). Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: evidence from South Asian Economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.021
Nikwatoh, L. S. (2022). Zero-pollution effect and economic development, standard and nested environmental Kuznets curve analyses for West Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-021-01921-z
Öztürk, İ. ve A. Acaravcı (2013). Long run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Financial development, income inequality, and carbon emissions in Sub-Saharan African countries: a panel data analysis. Energy Exploration&Exploitation, 38(5), 1914-1931. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0144598720941999
Pao, H. J. ve C. M. Tsai (2011). Multivariate granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): evidence from panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China) Countries. Energy, 36, 685-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.041
Rai, S. K. ve A. Rowot (2022). Explaining the nexus between environment quality, economic development, and industrialization in BRICS nations: the role of technological innovation and income inequality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, January, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18181-z.
Ren, X., Cheng, C., Wang, Z. ve Yan, C. (2021). Spillover and dynamic effects of energy transition and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions for the European Union: A dynamic spatial panel model. Sustainable Development, 29(1), 228-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2144.
Seldadyo, H., Elhorst, J. P. ve De Haan, J. (2010). Geography and governance: Does space matter?. Papers in Regional Science, 89(3), 625-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00273.x
Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K. ve M. Nasir (2013a). The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions South Africa. Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.006
Shahbaz, M., Hye, O. M. A., Tiwari, A.K. ve N. C. Leitao (2013b). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
Shahzad, S. J. H., R. R. Kumar, M. Zakaria ve M. Hurr (2017). Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A Revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.042
Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 231-242.
Suki, N. M. (2022). The role of technology innovation and renewable energy in reducing environmental degradation in malaysia: a step towards sustainable environment. Renewable Energy, 182, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.007
Tamazian, A. J., P. Chousa ve K. C. Vadlamannati (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025
Tian, J., L. Yu, R. Xue, S. Zhuang ve Y. Shan (2021). Global low carbon energy transition in the post Covid-19 era. Applied Energy, 307, 118205, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118205
United Nations (2020). The sustainable development goals report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/ Erişim Tarihi: 18/02/2022.
Vallajas, J. R. ve A. Lastuka (2020). The income inequality and carbon emissions trade-off revisited. Energy Policy, 139, 111302, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111302
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Econometric and Statistical Methods, Inflation
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Burcu Berke 0000-0002-3987-3592 Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla 0000-0002-0901-2038
Publication Date	September 27, 2023
Submission Date	July 29, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 41 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Berke, B., & Huyugüzel Kışla, G. Ş. (2023). KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3), 388-409. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1150730
AMA	Berke B, Huyugüzel Kışla GŞ. KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. September 2023;41(3):388-409. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1150730
Chicago	Berke, Burcu, and Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla. “KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, no. 3 (September 2023): 388-409. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1150730.
EndNote	Berke B, Huyugüzel Kışla GŞ (September 1, 2023) KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 3 388–409.
IEEE	B. Berke and G. Ş. Huyugüzel Kışla, “KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 388–409, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1150730.
ISNAD	Berke, Burcu - Huyugüzel Kışla, Gül Şerife. “KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/3 (September 2023), 388-409. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1150730.
JAMA	Berke B, Huyugüzel Kışla GŞ. KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:388–409.
MLA	Berke, Burcu and Gül Şerife Huyugüzel Kışla. “KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 3, 2023, pp. 388-09, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1150730.
Vancouver	Berke B, Huyugüzel Kışla GŞ. KARBON EMİSYONLARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MEKÂNSAL BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(3):388-409.

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