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İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri

Year 2024, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 212 - 243, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387

Abstract

Bu araştırmada reel efektif döviz kurunun imalat sanayinde teknoloji yoğunluğuna ve ülkelerin içinde bulundukları gelir gruplarına göre ihracat malları üzerindeki olası etkileri 1995-2019 dönemi için incelenmektedir. Dört farklı teknoloji düzeyi ve üç farklı gelir kategorisinde ihracat değeri en yüksek olan ülkeler için yapılan tahminler, ihracat talep esnekliğinin hesaplanmasında hem teknoloji hem de gelir etkisinin hesaba katılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Düşük teknolojili ürünler için esneklik katsayısı yüksek gelirli ve orta gelirli ülkeler için negatif ve anlamlı bulunurken, düşük gelirli ülkelerde esneklik katsayısının anlamlı olmadığı görülmektedir. Orta-düşük teknolojili ürünlerde esnekliğin tüm gelir gruplarında negatif olduğu ve düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki esneklik değerinin göreli olarak daha yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Orta-yüksek teknolojili ürünlerde yüksek ve orta gelirli ülkeler için negatif ve anlamlı olan esneklik, ithalat girdi bağımlığı yüksek olan düşük gelirli ülkelerde pozitif olmaktadır. Yüksek teknolojili ürünlerin ise yoğunlukla yüksek gelir grubundaki ülkelerden ihraç edildiği ve daha çok altyapı ve sermaye gerektiren söz konusu ürünlerin ticaretinin katılık gösterdiği, reel döviz kurundaki değişimlerden etkilenmediği görülmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak, imalat sanayi ihracatını artırma hedefiyle geliştirilecek politikaların, ilgili ürünlerin teknoloji yoğunluğu ile ülkenin gelir düzeyi farklılıklarını dikkate alacak şekilde tasarlanmaları önerilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır.

References

  • Ahmed, S., Appendino, M., & Ruta, M. (2015). Depreciations without exports? – Global value chains and the exchange rate elasticity of exports. World Bank Policy Research Paper, No. 7390. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7390
  • Arndt, S. W. & Huemer, A. (2004). Trade, production networks and the exchange rate. SSRN Electronic Journal http://ssrn.com/ abstract=900416
  • Aslan, Ç., Çepni, O., & Gül, S. (2021). The impact of real exchange rate on international trade: Evidence from panel structural VAR model. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(6), 829-842. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1905695
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Wu, P. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 6(15), 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466699156020
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). Robust tests for equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 346, 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1974.10482955
  • Bruegel (2023). Real effective exchange rates for 178 countries: A new database. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://www.bruegel.org/publications/datasets/real-effective-exchange-rates-for-178-countries-a-new-database adresinden erişildi.
  • Büyükdeniz, A. (2018). Teknoloji yoğunluğuna göre dış ticaret ve kur ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı.
  • Chaudhary, G. M., Hashmi, S. H., & Khan, M. A. (2016). Exchange rate and foreign trade: A comparative study of major South Asian and South-East Asian countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.011
  • Chowdhury, M., & Younus, S. (2015). Real exchange rate and its impact on export, import and trade balance: Is there any J curve effect in Bangladesh? Working Papers id:7985, eSocialSciences. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id7985.html
  • Demirtaş, G., & Demirhan, B. (2013). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde döviz kuru politikaları ihracat ve ithalat üzerinde bir etkiye sahip midir?, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 28(326), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2013.326.3520
  • Di Nino, Virginia, Barry Eichengreen, & Massimo Sbracia. Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2236718
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01658-M
  • Frees, E.W. (2004), Longitudinal and panel data: Analysis and applications in the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790928
  • Friedman, M. (1937), The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normalityiImplicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1937.10503522
  • Genç, E. G., & Artar, O. K. (2014). The effect of exchange rates on exports and imports of emerging countries. European Scientific Journal, 10(13), 128-141. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/3346/3110
  • Hooy, C. W., Law, S. H., & Chan, T. H, (2015). The impact of the Renminbi real exchange rate on ASEAN disaggregated exports to China. Economic Modelling, 47, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.025
  • Hummels, D., Ishii J., & Yi K.M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(19), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
  • Hunegnaw, F. B. (2017). Real exchange rate and manufacturing export competitiveness in Eastern Africa. Journal of Economic Integration, 32, 891-912. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2017.32.4.891
  • Jones, R. W. (2000). Globalization and the theory of input trade. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Kang, J. W., & Dagli, S. (2018). International trade and exchange rates. Journal of Applied Economics, 21(1), 84–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2018.1526878
  • Kılavuz, E. & Atay Polat, M. (2018). Panel veri ile Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinin Marshall Lerner şartı çerçevesinde analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552381
  • Krugman, P., Cooper, R. N., & Srinivasan, T. N. (1995). Growing world trade: Causes and consequences. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1), 327-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534577
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics (I. Olkin), Stanford Univ. Press, Palo Alto, CA. MR0120709, 278–292.
  • Nino, V., Eichengreen, B., & Sbracia, M. (2013). Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. Bank of Italy Economic History Working Paper, (10). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2236718
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] (2011). ISIC Rev.3 Technology intensity definition. OECD Directorate for science, technology and industry, economic analysis and statistic division.
  • Özmen, E. (2014). Reel döviz kuru ve Türkiye dış ticaret dinamikleri. Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, 14(12), 1-138. https://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series14/1412.pdf
  • Pesaran, H. (2004), General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper, 435. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  • Thorbecke, W., & Kato, A. (2012). The effect of exchange rate changes on japanese consumption exports. Japan and the World Economy, 24(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2011.12.004
  • Thorbecke, W., & Smith, G. (2010). How would an appreciation of the Renminbi and Other East Asian currencies affect China’s exports? Review of International Economics, 18(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2008.00799.x
  • Yolcu Karadam, D. (2014). The real exchange rate and economic growth [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Bölümü.
  • World Bank (2023). World Development Indicators. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/ adresinden erişildi.
  • World Integrated Trade Solution. (2023). Advanced Query - Trade data (UN Comtrade) and trade outcomes indicators. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde http://wits.worldbank.org/WITS/WITS/DefaultA.aspx?Page=Default adresinden erişildi.

The Relationship between Exports and Real Exchange Rate in Manufacturing Industry: The Effects of Technology Intensity and Income

Year 2024, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 212 - 243, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387

Abstract

In this study, the possible effects of the real effective exchange rate on export goods according to the technology intensity in the manufacturing industry and the income groups of the countries are analyzed for the period 1995-2019. The countries with the highest export value estimates in four different technology levels and three different income categories show that both technology and income effects should be considered in the calculation of export demand elasticity. While the elasticity coefficient for low-tech products is negative and significant for high-income and middle-income countries, it is not significant for low-income countries. For medium-low technology products, the elasticity is negative in all income groups, and the elasticity value is relatively higher in low-income countries. For medium-high technology products, the elasticity, which is negative and significant for high- and middle-income countries, is positive for low-income countries with high import input dependency. On the other hand, high-tech products are mostly exported from high-income countries, and trade in these products, which require more infrastructure and capital, is rigid and is not affected by changes in the real exchange rate.

Ethical Statement

This study has been prepared in accordance with scientific research and publication ethical rules.

References

  • Ahmed, S., Appendino, M., & Ruta, M. (2015). Depreciations without exports? – Global value chains and the exchange rate elasticity of exports. World Bank Policy Research Paper, No. 7390. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7390
  • Arndt, S. W. & Huemer, A. (2004). Trade, production networks and the exchange rate. SSRN Electronic Journal http://ssrn.com/ abstract=900416
  • Aslan, Ç., Çepni, O., & Gül, S. (2021). The impact of real exchange rate on international trade: Evidence from panel structural VAR model. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(6), 829-842. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1905695
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Wu, P. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 6(15), 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466699156020
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). Robust tests for equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 346, 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1974.10482955
  • Bruegel (2023). Real effective exchange rates for 178 countries: A new database. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://www.bruegel.org/publications/datasets/real-effective-exchange-rates-for-178-countries-a-new-database adresinden erişildi.
  • Büyükdeniz, A. (2018). Teknoloji yoğunluğuna göre dış ticaret ve kur ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı.
  • Chaudhary, G. M., Hashmi, S. H., & Khan, M. A. (2016). Exchange rate and foreign trade: A comparative study of major South Asian and South-East Asian countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.011
  • Chowdhury, M., & Younus, S. (2015). Real exchange rate and its impact on export, import and trade balance: Is there any J curve effect in Bangladesh? Working Papers id:7985, eSocialSciences. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id7985.html
  • Demirtaş, G., & Demirhan, B. (2013). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde döviz kuru politikaları ihracat ve ithalat üzerinde bir etkiye sahip midir?, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 28(326), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2013.326.3520
  • Di Nino, Virginia, Barry Eichengreen, & Massimo Sbracia. Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2236718
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01658-M
  • Frees, E.W. (2004), Longitudinal and panel data: Analysis and applications in the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790928
  • Friedman, M. (1937), The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normalityiImplicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1937.10503522
  • Genç, E. G., & Artar, O. K. (2014). The effect of exchange rates on exports and imports of emerging countries. European Scientific Journal, 10(13), 128-141. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/3346/3110
  • Hooy, C. W., Law, S. H., & Chan, T. H, (2015). The impact of the Renminbi real exchange rate on ASEAN disaggregated exports to China. Economic Modelling, 47, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.025
  • Hummels, D., Ishii J., & Yi K.M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(19), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
  • Hunegnaw, F. B. (2017). Real exchange rate and manufacturing export competitiveness in Eastern Africa. Journal of Economic Integration, 32, 891-912. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2017.32.4.891
  • Jones, R. W. (2000). Globalization and the theory of input trade. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Kang, J. W., & Dagli, S. (2018). International trade and exchange rates. Journal of Applied Economics, 21(1), 84–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2018.1526878
  • Kılavuz, E. & Atay Polat, M. (2018). Panel veri ile Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinin Marshall Lerner şartı çerçevesinde analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552381
  • Krugman, P., Cooper, R. N., & Srinivasan, T. N. (1995). Growing world trade: Causes and consequences. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1), 327-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534577
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics (I. Olkin), Stanford Univ. Press, Palo Alto, CA. MR0120709, 278–292.
  • Nino, V., Eichengreen, B., & Sbracia, M. (2013). Real exchange rates, trade, and growth: Italy 1861-2011. Bank of Italy Economic History Working Paper, (10). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2236718
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] (2011). ISIC Rev.3 Technology intensity definition. OECD Directorate for science, technology and industry, economic analysis and statistic division.
  • Özmen, E. (2014). Reel döviz kuru ve Türkiye dış ticaret dinamikleri. Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, 14(12), 1-138. https://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series14/1412.pdf
  • Pesaran, H. (2004), General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper, 435. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  • Thorbecke, W., & Kato, A. (2012). The effect of exchange rate changes on japanese consumption exports. Japan and the World Economy, 24(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2011.12.004
  • Thorbecke, W., & Smith, G. (2010). How would an appreciation of the Renminbi and Other East Asian currencies affect China’s exports? Review of International Economics, 18(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2008.00799.x
  • Yolcu Karadam, D. (2014). The real exchange rate and economic growth [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Bölümü.
  • World Bank (2023). World Development Indicators. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/ adresinden erişildi.
  • World Integrated Trade Solution. (2023). Advanced Query - Trade data (UN Comtrade) and trade outcomes indicators. 05 Haziran 2023 tarihinde http://wits.worldbank.org/WITS/WITS/DefaultA.aspx?Page=Default adresinden erişildi.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis, Applied Macroeconometrics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Anıl Dağdemir 0000-0002-1087-0849

Pelin Akçagün Narin 0000-0003-1441-109X

Publication Date June 29, 2024
Submission Date September 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 42 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dağdemir, A., & Akçagün Narin, P. (2024). İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(2), 212-243. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387
AMA Dağdemir A, Akçagün Narin P. İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2024;42(2):212-243. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1364387
Chicago Dağdemir, Anıl, and Pelin Akçagün Narin. “İmalat Sanayinde İhracat Ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu Ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 42, no. 2 (June 2024): 212-43. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387.
EndNote Dağdemir A, Akçagün Narin P (June 1, 2024) İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 42 2 212–243.
IEEE A. Dağdemir and P. Akçagün Narin, “İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 212–243, 2024, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1364387.
ISNAD Dağdemir, Anıl - Akçagün Narin, Pelin. “İmalat Sanayinde İhracat Ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu Ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 42/2 (June 2024), 212-243. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387.
JAMA Dağdemir A, Akçagün Narin P. İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;42:212–243.
MLA Dağdemir, Anıl and Pelin Akçagün Narin. “İmalat Sanayinde İhracat Ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu Ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 2, 2024, pp. 212-43, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1364387.
Vancouver Dağdemir A, Akçagün Narin P. İmalat Sanayinde İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Teknoloji Yoğunluğu ve Ülke Gelirlerinin Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;42(2):212-43.

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