Türkiye’nin Bölgesel İhracatının Eğilim ve Panel Yerçekimi Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 385 - 413, 24.09.2024

Güzin Bayar

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1403393

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin ihracatının bölgeler bazında gösterdiği farklılıklar panel regresyon analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Panel tahmin yöntemi olarak Sözde Poisson En Çok Olabilirlik (Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood-PPML) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye’nin ülkeler bazındaki 1996-2021 yılları arasında ihracatının yerçekimi panel analizi sonuçları, ihracatı en çok etkileyen faktörün mesafe olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye daha uzak ülkelere daha az ihracat yapmaktadır. İkinci en önemli faktörün arz yönlü bir faktör olarak Türkiye’nin gayrısafi yurt içi hasılası olduğu görülmektedir. Üçüncü önemli faktör ise dış taleptir. Türkiye’nin ihracatının, diğer değişkenlerin etkileri sabit tutulduğunda, en çok Orta Doğu ülkelerine pozitif ayrıştığı, onu sırasıyla gelişmekte olan Avrupa ülkelerinin, Gümrük Birliği ülkelerinin, ve Sahra Altı Afrika Ülkelerinin izlediği görülmektedir. Gelişmekte olan Asya ülkeleri ile Latin Amerika ve Karayip ülkelerine ihracat genelden negatif ayrışmaktadır. Bölgelerin farklı gelir esnekliklerini gözlemlemek üzere bölge kuklaları ile ticaret ortağı ülkelerin GSYH’larının etkileşim değişkenleri de denkleme alınmıştır. Tahmin sonuçları, Türkiye’nin Orta Doğu ülkelerindeki, kalkınma yolundaki Avrupa ülkelerindeki ve Gümrük Birliği içinde olduğumuz Avrupa ülkelerindeki GSYH artışlarını göreli olarak daha iyi değerlendirerek ihracatını artırabilirken, kalkınma yolundaki Asya ülkelerinde ve Latin Amerika ve Karayip ülkelerinde yaşanan gelir artışlarına etkili bir cevap veremediğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Türkiye, İhracat, Panel, Yer Çekimi Modeli, PPML

Trend and Panel Gravity Analysis of Türkiye's Regional Exports

Abstract

In this study, the differences in Türkiye 's exports on the basis of regions were examined by panel regression analysis. Analysis method is Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML).
The results of the gravity panel analysis of Türkiye's exports between 1996-2021 on the basis of countries show that the factor affecting exports the most is distance. Türkiye exports less to far away countries. It is seen that the second most important factor is Türkiye's GDP as a supply-side factor. The third important factor is foreign demand. When the effects of other variables are kept constant, it is seen that Türkiye's exports are the most positively differentiated to Middle East countries, followed by Emerging European countries, Customs Union countries, and Sub-Saharan African Countries. Exports to Emerging Asian countries and Latin American and Caribbean countries are generally negatively differentiated.
In order to observe the different income elasticities of the regions, interaction variables of the GDPs and the Region dummies of the trade partner countries are taken into the equation. The estimation results show that Türkiye exports relatively better as the GDP increases in the Middle East countries, Emerging European countries and Customs Union countries. Results further show that Türkiye is not able to respond effectively to the income increases experienced in Emerging Asian countries and Latin American and Caribbean countries.

Keywords

Türkiye, Export, Panel, Gravity Model, PPML

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