900 Megahertz Dalga Frekansına Sahip Elektromanyetik Alanın Biyolojik Sistemler Üzerindeki Olası Etkilerine Bilimsel Yaklaşım: Derleme

Abstract

Günümüzde cep telefonları/akıllı telefonların kapasitesinin artması ve fiyatlarındaki azalma ile birlikte cep telefonlarının kullanımı da hızla yaygınlaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte, her teknolojik ilerlemenin ve aşırı kullanımının olumsuz bir yönü olabileceği düşüncesi ile pek çok araştırmacı elektromanyetik alanın insan vücudundaki etkilerini araştırmaya yönelmiştir. Elektromanyetik alanın insan vücudundaki pek çok sistemi olumsuz etkileyerek özellikle kanser, infertilite, sinir dokusu dejenerasyonu, kardiyolojik hasar gibi pek çok hastalığa sebep olabileceği rapor edilmiştir. Ayrıca Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Merkezi çok düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik alanın insanda sınırlı kanıta sahip kanserojen ve hayvan deneylerinde “yeterli kanserojen” olarak tanımlanan grup 2B’de sınıflandırmıştır. Bu nedenle, cep telefonu kaynaklı radyasyon maruziyetinin neden olduğu biyolojik etkileri incelemek son derece ciddi ve zor bir araştırma süreci olarak görünmektedir. Bu çalışmada, elektromanyetik alan maruziyeti konusunda toplum bilincine katkı sağlamak ve araştırmacılara yeni ve farklı fikirler verilebilmesi adına elektromanyetik alanın olası biyolojik etkileri, incelenen literatür kaynaklar seviyesinde derlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Elektromanyetik Alan,Cep Telefonu,İnfertilite,Nöron Sayısı,Kalp,Sıçan

The Scientific Approach to the Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields With 900-Megahertz Frequency Waves on Biological Systems: Review

Abstract

The use of mobile phones has become widespread rapidly with the increase in the capacity of mobile phones/smart phones and the decrease of prices in novadays, However, many researchers have turned to the effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body whit the idea that the overuse of every technological advance will be have a negative aspect. A large number of studies investigating EMF exposure and the health effects of it focused on particularly cancer, reproductive health, diseases caused by nevre tissue necrosis and hearth diseases. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields has been classified in group 2B which is the category of limited evidence of carcinogenity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenity in experimental animals by The International Agency for Research on Cancer. Therefore, to examine the biological effects caused by cell phone induced radiation exposure appears as an extremely serious and difficult research process. In this study, possible biological effects of electromagnetic field were reviewed in the light of the literature sources, in order to community awareness about exposure and to give different ideas to researchers.

Keywords

• Electromagnetic Field,Cell Phone,Infertility,Neuron Count,Heart,Rat

References

1. Referans 1. Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Kheifets L. EMF and Health. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26:165-89.
2. Referans 2. Koca O, Gökçe AM, Öztürk MI, Ercan F, Yurdakul N, Karaman MI. Effects of intensive cell phone (Philips Genic 900) use on the rat kidney tissue. Urol J. 2013; 10(2):886-91.
3. Referans 3. Huber R, Graf T, Cote KA, Wittmann L, Gallmann E, Matter D, Schuderer J, Kuster N, Borbély AA, Achermann P. Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG. Neuroreport. 2000; 11(15):3321-5.
4. Referans 4. Kennedy G E, Judd TS, Churchward A, Gray K, & Krause KL. First year students’ experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives? Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 2008; 24(1), 108-122.
5. Referans 5. Bian M. and Leung L. Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital, Social Science Computer Review. 2015;33(1):61-79.
6. Referans 6. Davis DL, Kesari S, Soskolne CL, Miller AB, Stein Y. Swedish review strengthens grounds for concluding that radiation from cellular and cordless phones is a probable human carcinogen. Pathophysiology. 2013; 20(2):123–129.
7. Referans 7. Türkan A, Pala K. Çok düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik radyasyon ve sağlık etkileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009; 14: (2)11-22.
8. Referans 8. Jooyan N, Goliaei B, Bigdeli B, Faraji-Dana R, Zamani A, Entezami M, et.al. Direct and indirect effects of exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on CHO cell line: Evidence of bystander effect by non-ionizing radiation. Environ Res. 2019; 174:176-187.

9. Referans 9. Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. Cell phones: modern man's nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18(1):148-57.
10. Referans 10. Aslan A, Aydoğan NH, Atay T, Çömlekçi S. The effects of electromagnetic field exposure at short and long term of 900 mhz frequency emitted from mobile phones on rat bone tissue. Dicle Medical Journal. 2011; 38 (4): 452-457.
11. Referans 11. Bhat MA. Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on male fertility. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems. 2013; 4(3):51–64.
12. Referans 12. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). TÜİK, Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması, 2004-2019. 2019; Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028.
13. Referans 13. Erdoğan M, Şahin E, Dinçer S. Are The Devıces That Creates Electromagnetıc Area As Innocent As We Thought? Review Article. Journal of Human Rhythm 2019;5(1):41-53.
14. Referans 14. Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K. Cell phones and male infertility: a review of recent innovations in technology and consequences. Int Braz J Urol. 2011 ;37(4):432-54.
15. Referans 15. Aslan A. Düșük ve Yüksek Frekans Elektromanyetik Alanların Kırık İyileșmesine Etkileri. Kafkas J Med Sci 2012; 2(1):34–42.
16. Referans 16. Hancı H: Prenatal Dönemde Uygulanan 900 MHz Elektromanyetik Alanın Sıçan Periferik Sinir Morfolojisi ve Fonksiyonuna Etkisi: Doktora Tezi, Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2019.
17. Referans 17. Saygın M, Çalışkan S, Gümral N, Bocutoğlu AÇ, Has M. 2450 MHz Elektromanyetik alan ve karaciğer üzerine etkileri. S.D.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Sayı. 2010; 1(1):16-22
18. Referans 18. International Commission on Non–Ionizing Radiation Protection: Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 GHz). Health Physics. 1998; 74: 494-522. Available from: https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPemfgdl.pdf
19. Referans 19. Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering & Technology. Questions and Answers About Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. 1999; Oet Bulletin 56. Fourth Edition 5-38. Available from: https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet56/oet56e4.pd
20. Referans 20. TUBITAK Bilten (2001). Elektromanyetik dalgalar ve insan sağlığı sıkça sorulan sorular ve yanıtları (Electromagnetic waves and human health, frequently asked questions and answers) (Electronic version, article in Turkish) Retrived February 20. 2015; Available from http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/sandik/gsm.pdf
21. Referans 21. Behari J. Biological correlates of electromagnetic field exposure. IETE Technical Review. 2003; 20(2): 165-74.
22. Referans 22. Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Salford LG. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology. 2009; 16(2-3):103-12.
23. Referans 23. Clelland CD, Choi M, Romberg C, Clemenson GD Jr, Fragniere A, Tyers P, et. al. A functional role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in spatial pattern separation. Science. 2009; 325(5937):210-3.
24. Referans 24. Odacı E, Bas O, Kaplan S. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 800 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study. Brain Res. 2008; 1238:224-9.
25. Referans 25. Baş O, Sönmez FO, Aslan A, İkinci A, Hancı H, Yıldırım M, et. al. Pyramidal cell loss in the cornu ammonis of 32-day-old female rats following exposure to a 900 Megahertz electromagnetic field during prenatal days. Neuroquantology. 2013; 11(4):591-599.
26. Referans 26. Kerimoğlu G, Hancı H, Baş O, Aslan A, Erol HS, Turgut A, et. al. Pernicious effects of long-term, continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence on hippocampus morphology, biochemistry and pyramidal neuron numbers in 60-day-old Sprague Dawley male rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016a; 77:169-75.
27. Referans 27. Balaguru S, Uppal R, Vaid RP, Kumar BP. Investigation of the spinal cord as a natural receptor antenna for incident electromagnetic waves and possible impact on the central nervous system. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012; 31(2):101-11.
28. Referans 28. Odacı E, İkinci A, Yıldırım M, Kaya H, Akça M, Hancı H, et. al. The effects of 900 megahertz electromagnetic field applied in the prenatal period on spinal cord morphology and motor behavior in female rat pups. NeuroQuantology. 2013; 11(4):573-81.
29. Referans 29. Ammari M, Jeljeli M, Maaroufi K, Roy V, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Static magnetic field exposure affects behavior and learning in rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 2008; 27(2):185-96.
30. Referans 30. Kerimoğlu G, Aslan A, Baş O, Çolakoğlu S, Odacı E. Adverse effects in lumbar spinal cord morphology and tissue biochemistry in Sprague Dawley male rats following exposure to a continuous 1-h a day 900-MHz electromagnetic field throughout adolescence. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016b; 78:125-30.
31. Referans 31. Sonmez OF, Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S. Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field. Brain Res. 2010; 1356:95-101.
32. Referans 32. Odacı E, Hancı H, İkinci A, Sönmez OF, Aslan A, Şahin A, Kaya H, Çolakoğlu S, Baş O. Maternal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field provokes neuronal loss and pathological changes in cerebellum of 32-day-old female rat offspring. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016; 75(Pt B):105-10.
33. Referans 33. Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K. Maternal mobile phone exposure adversely affects the electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons in rat offspring. Neuroscience. 2013; 250:588-98.
34. Referans 34. Kaplan S, Odaci E, Unal B, Sahin B, Fornaro M. Chapter 2: Development of the peripheral nerve. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009; 87: 9-26.
35. Referans 35. Kerns JM. The microstructure of peripheral nerves. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2008; 12(3):127-33.
36. Referans 36. Choi S, Choi HJ, Cheong Y, Lim YJ, Park HK. Internal-specific morphological analysis of sciatic nerve fibers in a radiofrequency-induced animal neuropathic pain model. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9):e73913.
37. Referans 37. Comelekoglu U, Aktas S, Demirbag B, Karagul MI, Yalin S, Yildirim M, Akar A, Korunur Engiz B, Sogut F, Ozbay E. Effect of low-level 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the rat sciatic nerve and the protective role of paricalcitol. Bioelectromagnetics. 2018; 39(8):631-43.
38. Referans 38. Piacentini R, Ripoli C, Mezzogori D, Azzena GB, Grassi C. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote in vitro neurogenesis via upregulation of Ca(v)1-channel activity. J Cell Physiol. 2008; 215(1):129-39.
39. Referans 39. Podda MV, Leone L, Barbati SA, Mastrodonato A, Li Puma DD, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields enhance the survival of newborn neurons in the mouse hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci. 2014; 39(6):893-903.
40. Referans 40. Loreto SD, Falone S, Caracciolo V, Sebastiani P, D’Alessandro A, Mirabilio A, Zimmitti V, Amicarelli F. Fifty hertz extremely low-fraquency magnetic field exposure elicits redox and trophic response in rat – cortical neurons. J Cell Physiol. 2009; 219(2):334-43.
41. Referans 41. Santini SJ, Cordone V, Falone S, Mijit M, Tatone C, Amicarelli F, et. al. Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 8;2018:5076271. doi: 10.1155/2018/5076271.
42. Referans 42. Sommer AM, Grote K, Reinhardt T, Streckert J, Hansen V, Lerchl A. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS) on reproduction and development of mice: a multi-generation study. Radiat Res. 2009; 171(1):89-95.
43. Referans 43. Tarulli GA, Stanton PG, Loveland KL, Rajpert-De Meyts E, McLachlan R5, Meachem SJ. A survey of Sertoli cell differentiation in men after gonadotropin suppression and in testicular cancer. Spermatogenesis. 2013; 3(1):e24014.
44. Referans 44. Lotz WG, Michaelson SM. Temperature and corticosterone relationships in microwave-exposed rats. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1978; 44(3):438-45.
45. Referans 45. Lotz WG, Podgorski RP. Temperature and adrenocortical responses in rhesus monkeys exposed to microwaves. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982; 53(6):1565-71.
46. Referans 46. Kandeel FR, Swerdloff RS. Role of temperature in regulation of spermatogenesis and the use of heating as a method for contraception. Fertility and Sterility. 1988; 49(1):1–23.
47. Referans 47. Jung A, Schill WB. Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 2000; 142(37):31–33.
48. Referans 48. Mann K, Wagner P, Brunn G, Hassan F, Hiemke C, Röschke J. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrinology. 1998; 67(2):139-44.
49. Referans 49. Koyu A, Cesur G, Özgüner F, Elmas O. Cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz elektromanyetik alanın serum kortizol ve testosteron hormonu üzerine etkisi. S. D.Ü. Tıp Fak. Derg. 2005; 12(01): 52-56.
50. Referans 50. Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Davis DL. Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017;24(15):13666-13673.
51. Referans 51. Odacı E, Özyılmaz C. Exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 1 hour a day over 30 days does change the histopathology and biochemistry of the rat testis. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015; 91(7):547-54.
52. Referans 52. Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, et. al. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med J. 2005 Mar;26(3):405-10.
53. Referans 53. Tenorio BM, Jimenez GC, Morais RN, Torres SM, Nogueira RA, Junior VAS. Testicular development evaluation in rats exposed to 60 Hz and 1 mT electromagnetic field. J Appl Toxicol. 2011; 31(3):223–230.
54. Referans 54. Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF. The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(8):12487-97.
55. Referans 55. Tayefi H, Kiray A, Kiray M, Ergur BU, Bagriyanik HA, Pekcetin C, et. al. The effects of prenatal and neonatal exposure to electromagnetic fields on infant rat myocardium. Arch Med Sci. 2010; 6(6):837-42.
56. Referans 56. Lu YS, Huang BT, Huang YX. Reactive oxygen species formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell induced by 900 MHz mobile phone radiation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012:740280.
57. Referans 57. Türedi S, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E. Biochemical and pathological changes in the male rat kidney and bladder following exposure to continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field on postnatal days 22-59. Int J Radiat Biol. 2017; 93(9):990-999.
58. Referans 58. Hancı H, Odacı E, Kaya H, Aliyazıcıoğlu Y, Turan İ, Demir S, et. al. The effect of prenatal exposure to 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-old-day rat testicle. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:203-9.
59. Referans 59. Beumer TL, Roepers-Gajadien HL, Gademan IS, Lock TM, Kal HB, De Rooij DG. Apoptosis regulation in the testis: involvement of Bcl-2 family members. Mol Reprod Dev. 2000; 56(3):353–359.
60. Referans 60. Saygin M, Caliskan S, Karahan N, Koyu A, Gumral N, Uguz A. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field. Toxicol Ind Health. 2011; 27(5):455–463.
61. Referans 61. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. Mobile phone exposure does not induce apoptosis on spermatogenesis in rats. Arch. Med. Res. 2008; 39(1):40–44.
62. Referans 62. Sikka SC. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidants in normal and abnormal sperm function. Front Biosci. 1996;1:e78-86.
63. Referans 63. Lavranos G, Balla M, Tzortzopoulou A, Syriou V, Angelopoulou R. Investigating ROS sources in male infertility: A common end for numerous pathways. Reprod Toxicol. 2012; 34(3):298–307.
64. Referans 64. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008; 89(1):124-8.
65. Referans 65. Adams JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2014;70:106-12.
66. Referans 66. Fejes I, Závaczki Z, Szöllosi J, Koloszár S, Daru J, Kovács L, et. al. Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality? Arch Androl. 2005 ;51(5):385-93.
67. Referans 67. Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: An in vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(7):840–3.
68. Referans 68. Narayanan SN, Lukose ST, Arun G, Mohapatra N, Pamala J, Concessao PL, et. al. Modulatory effect of 900 MHz radiation on biochemical and reproductive parameters in rats. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2018;119(9):581-587.
69. Referans 69. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(10):987-92.
70. Referans 70. Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(6):561-5.
71. Referans 71. Dasdag S, Zulkuf Akdag M, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Mutlu Dasdag M, et. al. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003; 24(3):182-8.
72. Referans 72. Martinez G, Daniels K, Chandra A. Fertility of men and women aged 15-44 years in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010. Natl Health Stat Report. 2012; 12(51):1-28.
73. Referans 73. Hirshfield AN. Development of follicles in the mammalian ovary. Int Rev Cytol. 1991;124:43-101.
74. Referans 74. Gaytán F, Morales C, Manfredi-Lozano M, Tena-Sempere M. Generation of multi-oocyte follicles in the peripubertal rat ovary: link to the invasive capacity of granulosa cells? Fertil Steril. 2014 May;101(5):1467-76.
75. Referans 75. Gharamaleki H, Parivar K, Rad JS, Roushangar L, Shariati M. Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure durıng the prenatal period on biomarkers of oxidative stress and pathology of ovarian tissue in F1 generation. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2013; 5(21):23–29.
76. Referans 76. Roushangar L, Hamdi BA, Khaki AA, Rad JS, Soleimani-Rad S. Effect of low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure on oocyte differentiation and follicular development. Adv Biomedl Res. 2014; 27:3–76.
77. Referans 77. Al-Akhras MA, Elbetieha A, Hasan MK, Al-Omari I, Darmani H, Albiss B. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on fertility of adult male and female rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2001; 22(5):340-4.
78. Referans 78. Türedi S, Hancı H, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Odacı E. Disruption of the ovarian follicle reservoir of prepubertal rats following prenatal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016; 92(6):329-37.
79. Referans 79. Okatan DÖ, Kaya H, Aliyazıcıoğlu Y, Demir S, Çolakoğlu S, Odacı E. Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018; 94(2):186-198.
80. Referans 80. Elmas O, Comlekci S, Koylu H. Effects of short-term exposure to powerline-frequency electromagnetic field on the electrical activity of the heart. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2012;67(2):65-71.
81. Referans 81. Braune S, Wrocklage C, Raczek J, Gailus T, Lücking CH. Resting blood pressure increase during exposure to a radio-frequency electromagnetic field. Lancet. 1998; 351(9119):1857-8.
82. Referans 82. Braune S, Riedel A, Schulte-Mönting J, Raczek J. Influence of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field on cardiovascular and hormonal parameters of the autonomic nervous system in healthy individuals. Radiat Res. 2002; 158(3):352-6.
83. Referans 83. Tahvanainen K, Niño J, Halonen P, Kuusela T, Laitinen T, Länsimies E, et. al. Cellular phone use does not acutely affect blood pressure or heart rate of humans. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004; 25(2):73-83.
84. Referans 84. Poulletier de Gannes F, Haro E, Hurtier A, Taxile M, Athane A, Ait-Aissa S, et. al. Effect of in utero wi-fi exposure on the pre- and postnatal development of rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2012; 95(2):130-6.
85. Referans 85. Türedi S, Hancı H, Topal Z, Ünal D, Mercantepe T, Bozkurt İ, et. al. The effects of prenatal exposure to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat heart. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 2015;34(4):390-7.
86. Referans 86. Ozguner F, Altinbas A, Ozaydin M, Dogan A, Vural H, Kisioglu AN, at. Al. Mobile phone-induced myocardial oxidative stress: protection by a novel antioxidant agent caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Toxicol Ind Health. 2005; 21(9):223-30.
87. Referans 87. Ye W, Wang F, Zhang W, Fang N, Zhao W, Wang J. Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on Cardiovascular Development of Chick Embryo. Anat Histol Embryol. 2016; 45(3):197-208.
88. Referans 88. Parazzini M, Ravazzani P, Tognola G, Thuróczy G, Molnar FB, Sacchettini A, et. al. Electromagnetic fields produced by GSM cellular phones and heart rate variability. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007; 28(2):122-9