Research Article
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Prolaktin, Troid Stimülan Hormon ve Doğum Şeklinin Emzirme İle İlişkisi

Year 2014, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 264 - 270, 15.12.2014

Abstract

Amaç: Normal doğum ve sezeryanla doğum yapan hastalarda emzirmede önemli olduğu bilinen PRL ve
TSH düzeylerinin postpartum 2.saatteki değerlerinin karşılaştırılması.
Materyal ve Metod: Sezeryan veya normal vajinal doğum yapmış postpartum 2. saatinde toplam 162 hasta
çalışmamıza dahil edildi.Hastaların postpartum 2.saatindeki kan PRL ve TSH değerleri kaydedildi.Veriler
Wann Whitney U test,Kruskal-Wallis test,NPar Testlerle değerlendirildi.Ayrıca sezeryanda anestezi
tipi,BMI,gelir durumu, sigara, anne yaşı,travayda oksitosin kullanımı,bebek cinsiyeti ve bebek ağırlığının
PRLve TSH hormonlarıyla ilişkisi değerlendirildi.
Bulgular:162 hastanın 118'i normal vajinal doğum ve 44'ü sezeryan ile doğum yapmıştı.2 grup
karşılaştırıldığında PRLP:0,016 değeri ile sezaryen grubunda normal doğum grubuna göre istatiksel olarak
anlamlı yüksek tespit edildi. TSH için P değeri:0,439 ile iki grup arasında fark izlenmedi.Genel anestezi ve
spinal anestezi grubunda PRLve TSH değerlerinde anlamlı fark bulunmadı.Diğer parametrelerinde hormon
düzeylerini etkilemediği tespit edildi.
Sonuç:Laktasyonda önemli olduğu bilinen prolaktin düzeyleri sezaryenden sonra anlamlı yüksek
bulundu.Bu sonuç sezaryen ile doğumun laktasyonu olumsuz etkilediği görüşünü
desteklememektedir..Sezeryan ile doğumdan sonra laktasyonun negatif etkilenmesi doğum şekline bağlı
hormonal değişikliklere değil,eğitimle değiştirilebilen faktörlere bağlıdır.

References

  • 1) Volmanen P, Valanne J, Alahuhta S. Breast-feeding problems after epidural analgesia for labour: a retrospective cohort study of pain, obstetrical procedures and breast-feeding practices. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004;13(1):25-9. 2) Volmanen PVE, Darnton-Hill I, Gonzales B. The. Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutition. 1992,(11)1: 107-1. 3) Reynolds F. Labour analgesia and the baby: good news is no news. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(1):38-50. 4) Kiehl EM, Anderson GC, Wilson ME, Fosson L. Social status, mother-infant time together, and breastfeeding duration. J Hum Lact. 1996;12(3):201-6. 5) Evers S, Doran L, Schellenberg K. Influences on breastfeeding rates in low income communities in Ontario. Can J Public Health. 1998;89(3):203-7. 6) Scott JA, Binns CW. Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature.Breastfeed Rev. 1999;7(1):5-16. 7) Righard L, Alade MO. Effect of delivery room routines o n s u c c e ss o f first b r e a st-f e e d . L anc et. 1990;336(3):1105-7. 8) Lin SY, Lee JT, Yang CC, Gau ML. Factors related to milk supply perception in women who underwent cesarean section. 1J Nurs Res. 2011;19(2):94-101. 9) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R. Does delayed perception of the onset of lactation shorten breastfeeding duration? J Hum Lact. 1999;15(2):107-11; quiz 137-9. 10) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R.Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 11) Zanardo V, Savona V, Cavallin F, D'Antona D, Giustardi A, Trevisanuto D.Impaired lactation performance following elective delivery at term: role of maternal levels of cortisol and prolactin. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(9):1595-8. 12) Chen DC, Nommsen-Rivers L, Dewey KG, Lönnerdal B. Stress during labor and delivery and early lactation performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2):335- 44. 13) Lau C. Effects of stress on lactation.Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48(1):221-34. 14) Dewey KG. Maternal and fetal stress are associated with impaired lactogenesis in humans.J Nutr. 2001;131(11):3012S-5S. 15) Menacker F, Declercq E, Macdorman MF. Cesarean delivery: background, trends, and epidemiology.Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(5):235-41. 16) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R.Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation.J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 17) Leung GM, Lam TH, Ho LM.Breast-feeding and its relation to smoking and mode of delivery.Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99(5):785-94. 18) Cakmak H, Kuguoglu S. Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: an observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system.Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(7):1128-37. 19) Pérez-Escamilla R, Maulén-Radovan I, Dewey KG. The association between cesarean delivery and breastfeeding outcomes among Mexican women.Am J Public Health. 1996;86(6):832-6. 20) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R. Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation.J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 ;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 21) Evans KC, Evans RG, Royal R, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 ;88(5):380-2. 22) Zanardo V, Svegliado G, Cavallin F, Giustardi A, Cosmi E, Litta P, Trevisanuto D. Elective cesarean delivery: does it have a negative effect on breastfeeding? Birth. 2010 ;37(4):275-9. 23) Rowe-Murray HJ, Fisher JR.Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding.Birth. 2002 ;29(2):124-31. 24) Baxter J. “Women's experience of infant feeding following birth by caesarean section.” British Journal of Midwifery . 2006:14;290–5. 25) Zanardo V, Gasparetto S, Giustardi A, Suppiej A, Trevisanuto D, Pascoli I, Freato F. Impact of anxiety in the puerperium on breast-feeding outcomes: role of parity.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 ;49(5):631-4 26) Van Cauwenberge JR, Hustin J, Demey-Ponsart E, Sulon J, Reuter A, Lambotte R, Franchimont P. Changes in fetal and maternal blood levels of prolactin, cortisol, and cortisone during eutocic and dystocic childbirth. Horm Res. 1987;25(3):125-31. 27) Costa A, De Filippis V, Voglino M, Giraudi G, Massobrio M, Benedetto C, Marozio L, Gallo M, Molina G, Fabris C, et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and catecholamines in maternal, umbilical and neonatal plasma in relation to vaginal delivery.J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 ;11(10):703-9. 28) Grajeda R, Pérez-Escamilla R.Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women.J Nutr. 2002 ;132(10):3055-60 29) Ingela Wiklund, Margareta Norman, Kerstin UvnäsMoberg, Anna-Berit Ransjö-Arvidson, Ellika Andolf.Epidural analgesia: breast-feeding success and related factors. 2009;25(2):31-8 309 Wojcicki JM.Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011 ;20(3):341-7. 31) Kathleen M. Rasmussen, ScM, ScD, Chris L. Kjolhede. Prepregnant Overweight and Obesity Diminish the Prolactin Response to Suckling in the First Week Postpartum. American Academy of Pediatrics 2004:465-71. 32) Hung KJ, Berg O.Early skin-to-skin after cesarean to improve breastfeeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(5):318-24; quiz 325-6. 33) Nickerson LE, Sykes AC, Fung TT. Mothers' experience of fathers' support for breast-feeding. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(9):1780-7.

Breastfeeding Relationship Between Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormon Levels and Mode of Delivery

Year 2014, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 264 - 270, 15.12.2014

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare Prolactine (PRL) and Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH) levels, known to be important in lactation, at two hours postpartum between patients delivering
vaginally and by cesarean operation.
Material and Methods: Atotal of 162 patients delivering vaginally and by cesarean section were included
in the present study. PRL and TSH values in the second hour postpartum were recorded and evaluated with
the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and NPar test. In addition, the relationships between PRLand
TSH hormone levels and the type of anesthesia administered during cesarean operation, Body mass index (
BMI) , income status, smoking history, age of mother, use of oxytocin in labor, weight of the infant, and sex of
the infant were evaluated.
Results: Of the 162 patients, 118 were delivered vaginally and 44 by cesarean section. Prolactin levels were
significantly higher in cesarean section group when compared with normal vaginal delivery group
(p=0.016). However, no significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of TSH levels
(p=0.439). Similarly, no differences in PRL and TSH values were found between general anesthesia and
spinal anesthesia groups. It was also established that other parameters did not affect hormone levels.
Conclusions: Prolactin level, which is an important hormone during lactation, is found to be higher after
cesarean section. This finding does not support the idea that lactation is diminished due to cesarean section.
Negative impacts on lactation after cesarean section depend not on hormonal alterations related to mode of
delivery, but on factors that can be modified through training and insight.

References

  • 1) Volmanen P, Valanne J, Alahuhta S. Breast-feeding problems after epidural analgesia for labour: a retrospective cohort study of pain, obstetrical procedures and breast-feeding practices. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004;13(1):25-9. 2) Volmanen PVE, Darnton-Hill I, Gonzales B. The. Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutition. 1992,(11)1: 107-1. 3) Reynolds F. Labour analgesia and the baby: good news is no news. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(1):38-50. 4) Kiehl EM, Anderson GC, Wilson ME, Fosson L. Social status, mother-infant time together, and breastfeeding duration. J Hum Lact. 1996;12(3):201-6. 5) Evers S, Doran L, Schellenberg K. Influences on breastfeeding rates in low income communities in Ontario. Can J Public Health. 1998;89(3):203-7. 6) Scott JA, Binns CW. Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature.Breastfeed Rev. 1999;7(1):5-16. 7) Righard L, Alade MO. Effect of delivery room routines o n s u c c e ss o f first b r e a st-f e e d . L anc et. 1990;336(3):1105-7. 8) Lin SY, Lee JT, Yang CC, Gau ML. Factors related to milk supply perception in women who underwent cesarean section. 1J Nurs Res. 2011;19(2):94-101. 9) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R. Does delayed perception of the onset of lactation shorten breastfeeding duration? J Hum Lact. 1999;15(2):107-11; quiz 137-9. 10) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R.Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 11) Zanardo V, Savona V, Cavallin F, D'Antona D, Giustardi A, Trevisanuto D.Impaired lactation performance following elective delivery at term: role of maternal levels of cortisol and prolactin. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(9):1595-8. 12) Chen DC, Nommsen-Rivers L, Dewey KG, Lönnerdal B. Stress during labor and delivery and early lactation performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2):335- 44. 13) Lau C. Effects of stress on lactation.Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48(1):221-34. 14) Dewey KG. Maternal and fetal stress are associated with impaired lactogenesis in humans.J Nutr. 2001;131(11):3012S-5S. 15) Menacker F, Declercq E, Macdorman MF. Cesarean delivery: background, trends, and epidemiology.Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(5):235-41. 16) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R.Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation.J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 17) Leung GM, Lam TH, Ho LM.Breast-feeding and its relation to smoking and mode of delivery.Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99(5):785-94. 18) Cakmak H, Kuguoglu S. Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: an observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system.Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(7):1128-37. 19) Pérez-Escamilla R, Maulén-Radovan I, Dewey KG. The association between cesarean delivery and breastfeeding outcomes among Mexican women.Am J Public Health. 1996;86(6):832-6. 20) Chapman DJ, Pérez-Escamilla R. Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation.J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 ;99(4):450-4; quiz 455-6. 21) Evans KC, Evans RG, Royal R, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect of caesarean section on breast milk transfer to the normal term newborn over the first week of life.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 ;88(5):380-2. 22) Zanardo V, Svegliado G, Cavallin F, Giustardi A, Cosmi E, Litta P, Trevisanuto D. Elective cesarean delivery: does it have a negative effect on breastfeeding? Birth. 2010 ;37(4):275-9. 23) Rowe-Murray HJ, Fisher JR.Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding.Birth. 2002 ;29(2):124-31. 24) Baxter J. “Women's experience of infant feeding following birth by caesarean section.” British Journal of Midwifery . 2006:14;290–5. 25) Zanardo V, Gasparetto S, Giustardi A, Suppiej A, Trevisanuto D, Pascoli I, Freato F. Impact of anxiety in the puerperium on breast-feeding outcomes: role of parity.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 ;49(5):631-4 26) Van Cauwenberge JR, Hustin J, Demey-Ponsart E, Sulon J, Reuter A, Lambotte R, Franchimont P. Changes in fetal and maternal blood levels of prolactin, cortisol, and cortisone during eutocic and dystocic childbirth. Horm Res. 1987;25(3):125-31. 27) Costa A, De Filippis V, Voglino M, Giraudi G, Massobrio M, Benedetto C, Marozio L, Gallo M, Molina G, Fabris C, et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and catecholamines in maternal, umbilical and neonatal plasma in relation to vaginal delivery.J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 ;11(10):703-9. 28) Grajeda R, Pérez-Escamilla R.Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women.J Nutr. 2002 ;132(10):3055-60 29) Ingela Wiklund, Margareta Norman, Kerstin UvnäsMoberg, Anna-Berit Ransjö-Arvidson, Ellika Andolf.Epidural analgesia: breast-feeding success and related factors. 2009;25(2):31-8 309 Wojcicki JM.Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011 ;20(3):341-7. 31) Kathleen M. Rasmussen, ScM, ScD, Chris L. Kjolhede. Prepregnant Overweight and Obesity Diminish the Prolactin Response to Suckling in the First Week Postpartum. American Academy of Pediatrics 2004:465-71. 32) Hung KJ, Berg O.Early skin-to-skin after cesarean to improve breastfeeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(5):318-24; quiz 325-6. 33) Nickerson LE, Sykes AC, Fung TT. Mothers' experience of fathers' support for breast-feeding. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(9):1780-7.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Rahime Bedir Findik This is me

Busra Demir Cendek This is me

Sebnem Sen Ozyer This is me

Nuray Vuran This is me

Tulay Ogan This is me

Jale Karakaya This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2014
Submission Date September 29, 2014
Acceptance Date October 20, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Bedir Findik R, Demir Cendek B, Ozyer SS, Vuran N, Ogan T, Karakaya J. Breastfeeding Relationship Between Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormon Levels and Mode of Delivery. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;11(3):264-70.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty