Research Article
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Gender Estimation from 2D:4D Ratio and Hand Morphometry by Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 253 - 259, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1475317

Abstract

Background: The present study was conducted to estimate gender from 2D:4D ratio and hand mor-phometry taken from participants by using machine learning (ML) algorithms.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 88 men and 96 women be-tween the ages of 18 and 30 who did not have any pathology, deformity or surgical interventions on their hands. Hand width (HW), hand length (HL), second digit length (2D), and fourth digit length (4D) of the individuals were measured as the right (R) and left (L) side by using digital calliper and recorded in Excel. In addition, the ratio between the second digit and fourth digit (2D:4D) of each individual was also recorded.
Results: As a result of ML modelling, 0.92 accuracy was obtained with Random forest (RF) algorithm. With RF algorithm, all of the 16 women and 18 of the 21 men in the test set were estimated accu-rately. With SHAP analyzer of RF algorithm, HW-L parameter was found to have the highest contri-bution in estimating gender. The accuracy rates of the other ML models used in the study were found to vary between 0.78 and 0.89.
Conclusions: It was found that 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry measurements, which are fre-quently preferred in gender determination, have higher accuracy rate when examined with ML algorithms. In our study, we concluded that using 2D:4D ratio and hand morphometry in estimating gender provides accurate and reliable data.

References

  • 1. Krishan K, Sharma A. Estimation of stature from dimen-sions of hands and feet in a North Indian population. Jour-nal of forensic and legal medicine. 2007;14(6):327-32.
  • 2. Spradley MK. Metric methods for the biological profile in forensic anthropology: sex, ancestry, and stature. Academ-ic forensic pathology. 2016;6(3):391-9.
  • 3. Aboul-Hagag KE, Mohamed SA, Hilal MA, Mohamed EA. Determination of sex from hand dimensions and in-dex/ring finger length ratio in Upper Egyptians. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2011;1(2):80-6.
  • 4. Kurtoğlu A, Çiftçi R. Relationship between 2d: 4d ratio, handgrip strength, and hamstring muscle length in differ-ent sports: a study of volleyball, football and basketball branches. Physical Education of Students. 2023;27(1):17-23.
  • 5. Manning JT, Trivers IV R, Thornhill R, Singh D. The 2nd: 4th digit ratio and asymmetry of hand performance in Jamai-can children. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition. 2000;5(2):121-32.
  • 6. Hönekopp J. Digit Ratio 2 D: 4 D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review. Autism Research. 2012;5(4):221-30.
  • 7. Fink B, Neave N, Manning J. Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ra-tio: their relationships in heterosexual men and women. Annals of human biology. 2003;30(6):728-38.
  • 8. Malas MA, Dogan S, Evcil EH, Desdicioglu K. Fetal devel-opment of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D: 4D). Early human development. 2006;82(7):469-75.
  • 9. Manning JT, Barley L, Walton J, Lewis-Jones D, Trivers R, Singh D, et al. The 2nd: 4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? Evolution and Human Be-havior. 2000;21(3):163-83.
  • 10. Kanchan T, Krishan K. Anthropometry of hand in sex de-termination of dismembered remains-A review of litera-ture. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2011;18(1):14-7.
  • 11. Manning J, Callow M, Bundred P. Finger and toe ratios in humans and mice: implications for the aetiology of dis-eases influenced by HOX genes. Medical Hypotheses. 2003;60(3):340-3.
  • 12. Wells JC. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2007;21(3):415-30.
  • 13. Krems R. Bayesian machine learning for quantum molecu-lar dynamics. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2019;21(25):13392-410.
  • 14. Bilgiç M, Biçer M, Özdal M. Farklı branşlarda spor yapan 11-13 yaş grubu çocukların 2D: 4D parmak oranlarının spor-tif performansla ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniver-sitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;1(1):48-56.
  • 15. SAğlam T, Bakay H, Gökler ME, Turan Ş. Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Olan Bireylerde 2D: 4D Parmak Uzunluğu Oranları. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;31(2):84-9.
  • 16. Turan S, Demirel ÖF. Ikizi erkek olan kadindan-erkege cinsiyet disforisi olgusu: Cinsiyet disforisinin etiyolojisinde prenatal cinsiyet hormonlarina maruz kalmanin rolü/A case report of opposite sex twin pairs in which one had female to male gender dysphoria: the role of prenatal ex-posure to sex hormones in the etiology of gender dyspho-ria. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2017;18:36.
  • 17. Öztaşan N, Kutlu N. Sağlikli Bireylerde Parmak Uzunluk Oranlarinin (2d: 4d); El Tercihi, Nonverbal Zeka, Görsel, İşitsel Ve Verbal Yetenekler, Motor Beceri Ve Serebral Lat-eralizasyon İle İlişkisİ. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;3(1):11-5.
  • 18. Demirci EÖ, DB Ö, editors. Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan erkek çocuk ve ergenlerde agresyon, em-pati ve 2D: 4D parmak oranlarının ilişkisi. Yeni Symp; 2015.
  • 19. Şentürk EE, Tarakçi H. Alışverişte Seni Kim Yönlendiriyor? Testosteron Mu Östrojen Mi? Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research. 2020;10(4):978-94.
  • 20. Han Y, Deng W, Lei W, Lin Y, Li Y, Li M, et al. Association between the 2D: 4D ratio and schizophrenia. Journal of In-ternational Medical Research. 2020;48(6):0300060520929148.
  • 21. Özkan G, Akkoç RF, Ögetürk M. İkinci ve dördüncü parmak oranının (2p: 4p) tip-2 diabetes mellitus ile ilişkisi. FÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi. 2018;32(1):1-5.
  • 22. Ertuğrul B, İlhan O. Cinsiyete özgü vücut morfolojisi ile elin ikinci ve dördüncü parmak uzunluk oranları arasındaki ilişki. İnsanbilim Dergisi. 2012;1(2):94-107.
  • 23. Demirtaş-Madran HA. Cinsiyet ve saldırganlık ilişkisi: Görgül ve kuramsal çalışmalara güncel bir bakış. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari. 2020;23(45):97-114.
  • 24. Sivakumar N, Bansal D, Narwal A, Kamboj M, Devi A. Gender determination analysis using anthropometrical dimensions of 2D: 4D, foot index and mandibular canine index. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP. 2020;24(3):510.
  • 25. Secgin Y, Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S. Gender prediction with the parameters obtained from pelvis computed to-mography images and machine learning algorithms. Jour-nal of the Anatomical Society of India. 2022;71(3):204-9.
  • 26. Senol D, Secgin Y, Duman BS, Toy S, Oner Z. Sex and age estimation with machine learning algorithms with param-eters obtained from cone beam computed tomography images of maxillary first molar and canine teeth. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2023;13(1):1-9.
  • 27. Şenol D, Secgin Y, Şeyma T, Serkan Ö, Zülal Ö. Can Typical Cervical Vertebrae Be Distinguished From One Another By Using Machine Learning Algorithms? Radioanatomic New Markers. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15(2):210-8.
  • 28. Toy S, Secgin Y, Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S, Senol D. A study on sex estimation by using machine learning algorithms with parameters obtained from computerized tomography images of the cranium. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):4278.
  • 29. Senol D, Bodur F, Seçgin Y, Bakıcı R, Sahin N, Toy S, et al. Sex prediction with morphometric measurements of first and fifth metatarsal and phalanx obtained from X-ray im-ages by using machine learning algorithms. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2023;82(3):704-711.

Makine Öğrenimi Algoritmalarını Kullanarak 2D:4D Oranından ve El Morfometrisinden Cinsiyet Tahmini

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 253 - 259, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1475317

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, makine öğrenimi (ML) algoritmaları kullanılarak katılımcılardan alınan 2D:4D oranından ve el morfometrisinden cinsiyet tahmini yapmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Materyal ve Metod: Çalışma, ellerinde herhangi bir patoloji, deformite veya cerrahi müdahale bulunmayan, yaşları 18-30 arasında değişen 88 erkek ve 96 kadın üzerinde retrospektif olarak ger-çekleştirildi. Bireylerin el genişliği (HW), el uzunluğu (HL), ikinci parmak uzunluğu (2D) ve dördüncü parmak uzunluğu (4D) dijital kumpas kullanılarak sağ (R) ve sol (L) taraf olarak ölçüldü ve kayıt altına alındı. Ayrıca her bireyin ikinci parmağı ile dördüncü parmağı arasındaki oran (2D:4D) de kaydedildi. ML modellerinin girişinde elde edilen ölçümler kullanılarak cinsiyet tahmini yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: ML modelleme sonucunda Random Forest (RF) algoritması ile 0,92 doğruluk elde edildi. RF algoritması ile test setindeki 16 kadın ve 21 erkekten 18'inin tamamı doğru tahmin edilmiştir. RF algoritmasının SHAP analizörü ile cinsiyet tahmininde en yüksek katkıyı HW-L parametresinin sağla-dığı görülmüştür.
Sonuç: Cinsiyet belirlemede sıklıkla tercih edilen 2D:4D oranı ve el morfometri ölçümlerinin ML algoritmaları ile incelendiğinde doğruluk oranının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda cinsiyet tahmininde 2D:4D oranı ve el morfometrisinin kullanılmasının doğru ve güvenilir veri sağla-dığı sonucuna vardık.

References

  • 1. Krishan K, Sharma A. Estimation of stature from dimen-sions of hands and feet in a North Indian population. Jour-nal of forensic and legal medicine. 2007;14(6):327-32.
  • 2. Spradley MK. Metric methods for the biological profile in forensic anthropology: sex, ancestry, and stature. Academ-ic forensic pathology. 2016;6(3):391-9.
  • 3. Aboul-Hagag KE, Mohamed SA, Hilal MA, Mohamed EA. Determination of sex from hand dimensions and in-dex/ring finger length ratio in Upper Egyptians. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2011;1(2):80-6.
  • 4. Kurtoğlu A, Çiftçi R. Relationship between 2d: 4d ratio, handgrip strength, and hamstring muscle length in differ-ent sports: a study of volleyball, football and basketball branches. Physical Education of Students. 2023;27(1):17-23.
  • 5. Manning JT, Trivers IV R, Thornhill R, Singh D. The 2nd: 4th digit ratio and asymmetry of hand performance in Jamai-can children. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition. 2000;5(2):121-32.
  • 6. Hönekopp J. Digit Ratio 2 D: 4 D in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathizing, and Systemizing: A Quantitative Review. Autism Research. 2012;5(4):221-30.
  • 7. Fink B, Neave N, Manning J. Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ra-tio: their relationships in heterosexual men and women. Annals of human biology. 2003;30(6):728-38.
  • 8. Malas MA, Dogan S, Evcil EH, Desdicioglu K. Fetal devel-opment of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D: 4D). Early human development. 2006;82(7):469-75.
  • 9. Manning JT, Barley L, Walton J, Lewis-Jones D, Trivers R, Singh D, et al. The 2nd: 4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? Evolution and Human Be-havior. 2000;21(3):163-83.
  • 10. Kanchan T, Krishan K. Anthropometry of hand in sex de-termination of dismembered remains-A review of litera-ture. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2011;18(1):14-7.
  • 11. Manning J, Callow M, Bundred P. Finger and toe ratios in humans and mice: implications for the aetiology of dis-eases influenced by HOX genes. Medical Hypotheses. 2003;60(3):340-3.
  • 12. Wells JC. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2007;21(3):415-30.
  • 13. Krems R. Bayesian machine learning for quantum molecu-lar dynamics. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2019;21(25):13392-410.
  • 14. Bilgiç M, Biçer M, Özdal M. Farklı branşlarda spor yapan 11-13 yaş grubu çocukların 2D: 4D parmak oranlarının spor-tif performansla ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniver-sitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;1(1):48-56.
  • 15. SAğlam T, Bakay H, Gökler ME, Turan Ş. Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Olan Bireylerde 2D: 4D Parmak Uzunluğu Oranları. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;31(2):84-9.
  • 16. Turan S, Demirel ÖF. Ikizi erkek olan kadindan-erkege cinsiyet disforisi olgusu: Cinsiyet disforisinin etiyolojisinde prenatal cinsiyet hormonlarina maruz kalmanin rolü/A case report of opposite sex twin pairs in which one had female to male gender dysphoria: the role of prenatal ex-posure to sex hormones in the etiology of gender dyspho-ria. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2017;18:36.
  • 17. Öztaşan N, Kutlu N. Sağlikli Bireylerde Parmak Uzunluk Oranlarinin (2d: 4d); El Tercihi, Nonverbal Zeka, Görsel, İşitsel Ve Verbal Yetenekler, Motor Beceri Ve Serebral Lat-eralizasyon İle İlişkisİ. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;3(1):11-5.
  • 18. Demirci EÖ, DB Ö, editors. Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan erkek çocuk ve ergenlerde agresyon, em-pati ve 2D: 4D parmak oranlarının ilişkisi. Yeni Symp; 2015.
  • 19. Şentürk EE, Tarakçi H. Alışverişte Seni Kim Yönlendiriyor? Testosteron Mu Östrojen Mi? Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research. 2020;10(4):978-94.
  • 20. Han Y, Deng W, Lei W, Lin Y, Li Y, Li M, et al. Association between the 2D: 4D ratio and schizophrenia. Journal of In-ternational Medical Research. 2020;48(6):0300060520929148.
  • 21. Özkan G, Akkoç RF, Ögetürk M. İkinci ve dördüncü parmak oranının (2p: 4p) tip-2 diabetes mellitus ile ilişkisi. FÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi. 2018;32(1):1-5.
  • 22. Ertuğrul B, İlhan O. Cinsiyete özgü vücut morfolojisi ile elin ikinci ve dördüncü parmak uzunluk oranları arasındaki ilişki. İnsanbilim Dergisi. 2012;1(2):94-107.
  • 23. Demirtaş-Madran HA. Cinsiyet ve saldırganlık ilişkisi: Görgül ve kuramsal çalışmalara güncel bir bakış. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari. 2020;23(45):97-114.
  • 24. Sivakumar N, Bansal D, Narwal A, Kamboj M, Devi A. Gender determination analysis using anthropometrical dimensions of 2D: 4D, foot index and mandibular canine index. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP. 2020;24(3):510.
  • 25. Secgin Y, Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S. Gender prediction with the parameters obtained from pelvis computed to-mography images and machine learning algorithms. Jour-nal of the Anatomical Society of India. 2022;71(3):204-9.
  • 26. Senol D, Secgin Y, Duman BS, Toy S, Oner Z. Sex and age estimation with machine learning algorithms with param-eters obtained from cone beam computed tomography images of maxillary first molar and canine teeth. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2023;13(1):1-9.
  • 27. Şenol D, Secgin Y, Şeyma T, Serkan Ö, Zülal Ö. Can Typical Cervical Vertebrae Be Distinguished From One Another By Using Machine Learning Algorithms? Radioanatomic New Markers. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15(2):210-8.
  • 28. Toy S, Secgin Y, Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S, Senol D. A study on sex estimation by using machine learning algorithms with parameters obtained from computerized tomography images of the cranium. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):4278.
  • 29. Senol D, Bodur F, Seçgin Y, Bakıcı R, Sahin N, Toy S, et al. Sex prediction with morphometric measurements of first and fifth metatarsal and phalanx obtained from X-ray im-ages by using machine learning algorithms. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2023;82(3):704-711.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine, Medical Genetics (Excl. Cancer Genetics)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Kurtoğlu 0000-0002-9292-5419

Rukiye Çiftçi 0000-0002-5894-5256

Early Pub Date August 9, 2024
Publication Date August 29, 2024
Submission Date April 29, 2024
Acceptance Date August 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Kurtoğlu A, Çiftçi R. Gender Estimation from 2D:4D Ratio and Hand Morphometry by Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;21(2):253-9.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty