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Covid 19 Pandemisinin Staphylococcus aureus Suşlarının Antibiyotik Direnç Düzeylerine Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 20 - 25
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1588823

Abstract

Amaç: Staphylococcus aureus, hafif seyirli deri ve yumuşak doku enfeksiyonlarından sepsise kadar çok çeşitli hastalıklara neden olabilen önemli bir insan patojenidir. Bu çalışmada, hastanemizde Koronavi-rüs Hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) pandemisi öncesinde, sırasında ve sonrasında S. aureus suşlarının antibi-yotik direnç durumu ile metisilin dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) prevalansındaki değişimin retrospektif olarak karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisi öncesi (1 Ocak 2018- 31 Aralık 2019, 2 yıl), pan-demi dönemi (11 Mart 2020- 10 Mart 2022, 2 yıl) ve pandemi sonrası (5 Mayıs 2023- 31 Aralık 2023, 7 ay) olmak üzere üç kesitsel evreyi kapsayacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Çeşitli klinik örneklerden kültürle-nen ve tanımlanan S. aureus suşlarının insidansı ve antibiyotik direnç durumu, hastane laboratuvar bilgi sistemindeki veriler kullanılarak retrospektif olarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışma sonucu olarak S. aureus suşlarının antibiyotik direnç durumu incelendiğinde gentami-sin direncinin, pandemi öncesi dönemde %4, pandemi döneminde ise %6.9 direnç oranına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Pandemi süresince MRSA oranlarında bir düşüş eğilimi görülmüştür. Pandemi öncesinde, sonraki iki döneme kıyasla daha yüksek bir MRSA prevalansı gözlenmiştir (p=0,093). Ek olarak pandemi öncesi dönemde yoğun bakım ünitesinde diğer servislere kıyasla daha yüksek bir MRSA prevalansı gözlenmiştir (p=0,075).
Sonuç: Pandemi döneminde MRSA prevalansındaki azalmanın, karantina önlemlerinin uygulanması, gelişmiş el hijyeni uygulamaları ve temas önlemlerine titizlik gösterilmesi gibi bir dizi faktörden kay-naklanabilir. Pandemi döneminde gentamisin direnç oranlarında gözlenen artış, aşırı yoğun antibiyotik kullanımına bağlı olabilir.

References

  • 1. Roohı S, Ahmed T, Altaf I, Fomda B. Isolation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Wound Samples du-ring the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2023;17(3): p1.
  • 2. Idrees MM, Saeed K, Shahid MA, Akhtar M, Qammar K, Hassan J, et al. Prevalence of mecA-and mecC-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Spe-cimens, Punjab, Pakistan. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3): 878.
  • 3. Hou Z, Xu B, Liu L, Yan R, Zhang J, Yin J, et al. Prevalence, drug resistance, molecular typing and comparative genomics analysis of MRSA strains from a tertiary A hospital in Shanxi Province, China. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023; 14:1273397.
  • 4. Tang KWK, Millar BC, Moore JE. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2023; 80, 11387.
  • 5. Knight GM, Glover RE, McQuaid CF, Olaru ID, Gallandat K, Leclerc QJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: In-tersections and implications. Elife. 2021;10, e64139.
  • 6. Wang X, Ferro EG, Zhou G, Hashimoto D, Bhatt DL. Associa-tion between universal masking in a health care system and SARS-CoV-2 positivity among health care workers. Jama. 2020; 324(7): 703-4.
  • 7. McMullen KM, Smith BA, Rebmann T. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: predictions and early results. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(11):1409-11.
  • 8. Abubakar U. Antibiotic use among hospitalized patients in northern Nigeria: a multicenter point-prevalence survey. BMC Infect. Dis. 2020; 20(1):1-9.
  • 9. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Soucy JPR, Westwood D, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021; 27(4): 520-31.
  • 10. Abubakar U, Al-Anazi M, Rodríguez-Baño J. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on multidrug resistant gram positive and gram negative pathogens: A systematic review. J. Infect. Public Health. 2022; 16(3); 320-31
  • 11. Yap FH, Gomersall CD, Fung KS, Ho PL, Ho OM, Lam PK, et al. Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition rate and change in pathogen pattern associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39(4); 511-6.
  • 12. Wise J. COVID-19: WHO declares end of global health emer-gency. BMJ. 2023; 381:1041.
  • 13. Cakir B. COVID-19 in Turkey: Lessons learned. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020:10(2):115-7.
  • 14. EUCAST, The European Committee on Antimicrobial Suscep-tibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters; Version 13.1. 2023.
  • 15. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Okereke M, Oke GI, Amos OA, Olaoye OC, et al. COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance: a review. Infectious Diseases. 2021; 14:11786337211033870.
  • 16. Lai CC, Chen SY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;57(4):106324.
  • 17. Tiri B, Sensi E, Marsiliani V, Cantarini M, Priante G, Vernelli C, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship program, COVID-19, and infection control: Spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in ICU COVID-19 patients. What did not work? J. Clin. Med. 2020;9:2744.
  • 18. Altınbaş R, Yağmuroğlu A, Çetin E, Çaprak S, Türkay S, Karkaç E, ve ark. COVID-19 Tanılı Hastalarda Koenfeksiyonlar ve An-timikrobiyal Direnç. Eskisehir Med J. 2023;4(2): 95-101.
  • 19. Salar-Gül S, Çiftçi N, Türk-Dağı H, Arslan U. Investigation of respiratory pathogens responsible for coinfection in COVID-19 patients. Klimik Derg. 2024;37(2):91-6.
  • 20. Avan Mutlu T, Bozok T. COVID-19 hastalarının alt solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen bakteriyel etkenlerin identifi-kasyonu ve antibakteriyel direnç paternlerinin incelenmesi. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):48-55.
  • 21. Tabah A, Laupland KB. Update on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2022;28(5):495-504.
  • 22. Hirabayashi A, Kajihara T, Yahara K, Shibayama K, Sugai M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance of an-timicrobial resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2021;117:147-56.
  • 23. Wee LEI, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Magesparan KD, Amin IBM, Ismail BBS et al. Unintended consequences of infection pre-vention and control measures during COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(4):469- 77.
  • 24. Güner R, Hasanoğlu I, Aktaş F. COVID-19: Prevention and control measures in community. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):571-7. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-146.
  • 25. Kahraman G, Duran PK, Kayabaşı E, Öksüz Ş, Çalışkan E. Staphylococcus aureus suşlarının antibiyotik direnç oranlarını COVID-19 pandemisi etkiledi mi? Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2024;54(2):118-25.
  • 26. Aytaç Ö, Şenol FF, Şenol A, Öner P, Aşçı-Toraman Z. COVID-19 pandemisi öncesi ve sırasında yoğun bakım ünitesi hasta-larından alınan kan kültürü izolatlarının tür dağılımı ve anti-biyotik duyarlılık profillerinin karşılaştırılması. Turk Mikrobi-yol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):39-47.
  • 27. Yılmaz N, Altınkanat-Gelmez G, Söyletir G. Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemi döneminde antimikrobiyal direnç değişi-mi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2023;57(4):507-34.
  • 28. Ai L, Fang L, Zhou C, Liu B, Yang Q, Gong F. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):15737.
  • 29. Okobi OE, Evbayekha EO, Shittu HO, Arinze IE, Nnaji CG, Umeh NJ, et al. Antibiogram at a Rural Hospital Against the Background of COVID-19: A Five-Year Retrospective Review. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27221.
  • 30. Bahçeci İ, Aksoy D, Karaca E, Yıldız S, Alpdoğan YE, Duran ÖF, ve ark. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında antimikrobiyal direnç: üç yıllık çalışma S. aureus bakteriyemisi ve antimikrobiyal direnç. Rize Medical Journal. 2023;4(1):6-19.
  • 31. Lan T, Zhang B, Liu JL, Jia Q, Gao J, Cao L, et al. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Hospital Setting: A Ret-rospective Study from 2018 to 2022. Indian J Microbiol. 2024;64(3):1035-43.

The Effect of the Covid 19 Pandemic on the Antibiotic Resistance Levels of Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 20 - 25
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1588823

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen that can cause a diverse range of diseases, from mild skin and soft tissue infections sepsis. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the antibiotic resistance status of S. aureus strains and the change in the prevalence of met-hicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) before, during and after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in our hospital.
Materials and Methods: The present study was designed to encompass three cross-sectional phases before COVID-19 pandemic (1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019, two years), the pandemic period (11 March 2020 to 10 March 2022, two years), and the post-pandemic phase (5 May 2023 to 31 De-cember 2023, seven months). In the study, the incidence and antibiotic resistance status of S. aureus strains cultured and identified from various clinical samples were retrospectively analyzed using data from the hospital laboratory information system.
Results: As a result of the study, when the antibiotic resistance status of S. aureus strains was exami-ned, it was determined that gentamicin resistance had a resistance rate of 4% in the pre-pandemic period and 6.9% in the pandemic period. A downward trend was observed in MRSA rates during the pandemic. A higher MRSA prevalence was observed before the pandemic compared to the following two periods (p=0.093). In addition, a higher MRSA prevalence was observed in the intensive care unit in the pre-pandemic period compared to other wards (p=0.075).
Conclusions: The decrease in MRSA prevalence during the pandemic period may be due to a number of factors, such as the implementation of quarantine measures, improved hand hygiene practices and meticulous attention to contact precautions. The increase in gentamicin resistance rates observed during the pandemic period may be due to excessive intensive use of antibiotics.

References

  • 1. Roohı S, Ahmed T, Altaf I, Fomda B. Isolation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Wound Samples du-ring the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2023;17(3): p1.
  • 2. Idrees MM, Saeed K, Shahid MA, Akhtar M, Qammar K, Hassan J, et al. Prevalence of mecA-and mecC-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Spe-cimens, Punjab, Pakistan. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3): 878.
  • 3. Hou Z, Xu B, Liu L, Yan R, Zhang J, Yin J, et al. Prevalence, drug resistance, molecular typing and comparative genomics analysis of MRSA strains from a tertiary A hospital in Shanxi Province, China. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023; 14:1273397.
  • 4. Tang KWK, Millar BC, Moore JE. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2023; 80, 11387.
  • 5. Knight GM, Glover RE, McQuaid CF, Olaru ID, Gallandat K, Leclerc QJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: In-tersections and implications. Elife. 2021;10, e64139.
  • 6. Wang X, Ferro EG, Zhou G, Hashimoto D, Bhatt DL. Associa-tion between universal masking in a health care system and SARS-CoV-2 positivity among health care workers. Jama. 2020; 324(7): 703-4.
  • 7. McMullen KM, Smith BA, Rebmann T. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: predictions and early results. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(11):1409-11.
  • 8. Abubakar U. Antibiotic use among hospitalized patients in northern Nigeria: a multicenter point-prevalence survey. BMC Infect. Dis. 2020; 20(1):1-9.
  • 9. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Soucy JPR, Westwood D, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021; 27(4): 520-31.
  • 10. Abubakar U, Al-Anazi M, Rodríguez-Baño J. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on multidrug resistant gram positive and gram negative pathogens: A systematic review. J. Infect. Public Health. 2022; 16(3); 320-31
  • 11. Yap FH, Gomersall CD, Fung KS, Ho PL, Ho OM, Lam PK, et al. Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition rate and change in pathogen pattern associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39(4); 511-6.
  • 12. Wise J. COVID-19: WHO declares end of global health emer-gency. BMJ. 2023; 381:1041.
  • 13. Cakir B. COVID-19 in Turkey: Lessons learned. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020:10(2):115-7.
  • 14. EUCAST, The European Committee on Antimicrobial Suscep-tibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters; Version 13.1. 2023.
  • 15. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Okereke M, Oke GI, Amos OA, Olaoye OC, et al. COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance: a review. Infectious Diseases. 2021; 14:11786337211033870.
  • 16. Lai CC, Chen SY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;57(4):106324.
  • 17. Tiri B, Sensi E, Marsiliani V, Cantarini M, Priante G, Vernelli C, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship program, COVID-19, and infection control: Spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in ICU COVID-19 patients. What did not work? J. Clin. Med. 2020;9:2744.
  • 18. Altınbaş R, Yağmuroğlu A, Çetin E, Çaprak S, Türkay S, Karkaç E, ve ark. COVID-19 Tanılı Hastalarda Koenfeksiyonlar ve An-timikrobiyal Direnç. Eskisehir Med J. 2023;4(2): 95-101.
  • 19. Salar-Gül S, Çiftçi N, Türk-Dağı H, Arslan U. Investigation of respiratory pathogens responsible for coinfection in COVID-19 patients. Klimik Derg. 2024;37(2):91-6.
  • 20. Avan Mutlu T, Bozok T. COVID-19 hastalarının alt solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen bakteriyel etkenlerin identifi-kasyonu ve antibakteriyel direnç paternlerinin incelenmesi. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):48-55.
  • 21. Tabah A, Laupland KB. Update on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2022;28(5):495-504.
  • 22. Hirabayashi A, Kajihara T, Yahara K, Shibayama K, Sugai M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance of an-timicrobial resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2021;117:147-56.
  • 23. Wee LEI, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Magesparan KD, Amin IBM, Ismail BBS et al. Unintended consequences of infection pre-vention and control measures during COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(4):469- 77.
  • 24. Güner R, Hasanoğlu I, Aktaş F. COVID-19: Prevention and control measures in community. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):571-7. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-146.
  • 25. Kahraman G, Duran PK, Kayabaşı E, Öksüz Ş, Çalışkan E. Staphylococcus aureus suşlarının antibiyotik direnç oranlarını COVID-19 pandemisi etkiledi mi? Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2024;54(2):118-25.
  • 26. Aytaç Ö, Şenol FF, Şenol A, Öner P, Aşçı-Toraman Z. COVID-19 pandemisi öncesi ve sırasında yoğun bakım ünitesi hasta-larından alınan kan kültürü izolatlarının tür dağılımı ve anti-biyotik duyarlılık profillerinin karşılaştırılması. Turk Mikrobi-yol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):39-47.
  • 27. Yılmaz N, Altınkanat-Gelmez G, Söyletir G. Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemi döneminde antimikrobiyal direnç değişi-mi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2023;57(4):507-34.
  • 28. Ai L, Fang L, Zhou C, Liu B, Yang Q, Gong F. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):15737.
  • 29. Okobi OE, Evbayekha EO, Shittu HO, Arinze IE, Nnaji CG, Umeh NJ, et al. Antibiogram at a Rural Hospital Against the Background of COVID-19: A Five-Year Retrospective Review. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27221.
  • 30. Bahçeci İ, Aksoy D, Karaca E, Yıldız S, Alpdoğan YE, Duran ÖF, ve ark. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında antimikrobiyal direnç: üç yıllık çalışma S. aureus bakteriyemisi ve antimikrobiyal direnç. Rize Medical Journal. 2023;4(1):6-19.
  • 31. Lan T, Zhang B, Liu JL, Jia Q, Gao J, Cao L, et al. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Hospital Setting: A Ret-rospective Study from 2018 to 2022. Indian J Microbiol. 2024;64(3):1035-43.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Microbiology, Medical Bacteriology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşe Hümeyra Taşkın Kafa 0000-0002-7282-4928

Fatih Çubuk 0000-0002-8976-7691

Gonca Şimşek 0000-0001-6165-1614

Rukiye Aslan 0000-0001-5843-626X

Resul Ekrem Akbulut 0000-0002-7069-3127

Mürşit Hasbek 0000-0002-5217-8607

Early Pub Date March 7, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date November 22, 2024
Acceptance Date January 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Taşkın Kafa AH, Çubuk F, Şimşek G, Aslan R, Akbulut RE, Hasbek M. The Effect of the Covid 19 Pandemic on the Antibiotic Resistance Levels of Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;22(1):20-5.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty