Koyunlarda Fıstık Kabuğu, Nar Kabuğu ve Zeytin Pirinası ile Beslemenin Süt Verimi, Süt Kalitesi ve Bazı Kan Biyokimyasal Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, farklı endüstriyel yan ürünlerin (fıstık, nar ve zeytin) koyunlarda alternatif yem kaynakları olarak etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada 3 ve 4 yaşlı 52 baş (her grup için n=13) İvesi ırkı koyun ilave yan ürün içermeyen bazal diyet (CON), fıstık kabuğu (PIS), nar kabuğu (POM) ve zeytin pirinası (OP) içeren rasyonlarla beslendi. Yan ürünler toplam rasyona %5 oranında karıştırılarak sabah ve akşam yemlemesinde verilmiştir. Yem denemesine 60 gün boyunca devam edilmiştir. Süt verimi, süt kalitesi, yem tüketimi ve üre, kreatin, trigliserit, total bilirubin, albümin gibi biyokimyasal parametreler çalışmanın başlangıcından itibaren 30 günlük aralıklarla belirlenmiştir. Araştırma gruplarının karşılaştırılmasında Tukey çoklu karşılaştırma testi kullanılmıştır. Yem tüketimi bakımından gruplar arasında önemli bir farklılık oluşmamıştır. Süt verimi bakımından en yüksek değerler POM grubunda tespit edilmiştir (birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü periyotta sırasıyla 1143±111, 967±127 ve 785±112 gr). Süt verimi bakımından gruplarda birbirine benzer değerler saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda CON, PIS, POM ve OP gruplarındaki yağ oranı sırasıyla %6.11±0.30, %6.25±0.36, %5.61±0.42 ve %5.97±0.48 olarak belirlendi. Protein değerleri aynı sırayla %6.34±0.16, %6.26±0.27, %6.06±0.23 ve %6.39±0.19 olarak belirlendi. Biyokimyasal parametreler bakımından CON, PIS, POM ve OP grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Sonuç olarak, koyun rasyonları alternatif yem kaynakları olarak %5'e kadar PIS, POM ve OP içerebilir.

Keywords

• Fıstık kabuğu
• gıda atığı
• koyun süt kalitesi
• nar kabuğu
• zeytin pirinası

The Effect of Pistachio Shell, Pomegranate Hull, and Olive Pulp Feeding on Milk Yield, Milk Quality, and Some Biochemical Blood Parameters in Sheep

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different industrial by-products (pistachio, pomegranate, and olive) as alternative feed sources for sheep. Fifty-two Awassi sheep aged 3 and 4 years were divided into four groups (n=13 per group) concerning age, birth type, milk yield, and lactation period: basal diet without byproducts (CON) and basal diet added with either pistachio shell (PIS), pomegranate hull (POM), or olive pulp (OP). By-products were mixed with the total ration at a rate of 5% and given in the morning and evening feedings. The feeding experiment was continued for 60 days. Milk yield, milk quality, feed consumption, and biochemical parameters such as urea, creatine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, and albumin were determined at 30-day intervals from the beginning of the study. Tukey multiple comparison test was used to compare the research groups. There was no treatment effect on feed consumption. The highest milk yield was measured in sheep fed the POM diet in all periods (the first, second, and third-period means were 1143±111, 967±127, and 785±112 gr, respectively). Milk yield for other groups was similar. At the end of the study, the fat ratio in the CON, PIS, POM, and OP groups were determined to be 6.11±0.30%, 6.25±0.36%, 5.61±0.42%, and 5.97±0.48%, respectively. Protein values were determined as 6.34±0.16%, 6.26%±0.27%, 6.06%±0.23%, and 6.39±0.19% in the same order. There was no statistically significant difference between CON, PIS, POM, and OP groups regarding biochemical parameters. In conclusion, sheep ration can contain PIS, POM, and OP up to 5% as alternative feed sources.

Keywords

• Food waste
• olive pulp
• pistachio shell
• pomegranate hull
• sheep milk quality

References

1. Abbeddou S, Rischkowsky B, Hilali ME, Haylani M, Hess HD, Kreuzer M, 2015: Supplementing diets of Awassi ewes with olive cake and tomato pomace: on-farm recovery of effects on yield, composition and fatty acid profile of the milk. Trop Anim Health Prod, 47, 145-152.
2. Abbeddou S, Rischkowsky B, Richter EK, Hess HD, Kreuzer M, 2011: Modification of milk fatty acid composition by feeding forages and agro-industrial byproducts from dry areas to Awassi sheep. J Dairy Sci, 94 (9), 4657-4668.
3. Angeles-Hernandez JC, Alberto RV, Kebreab E, Appuhamy JARN, Dougherty HC, Castelan-Ortega O, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, 2020: Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and fat supplementation on milk composition in dairy sheep: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci, 238, 104069.
4. Caja G, Bocquier F, 2000: Effects of nutrition on the composition of sheep’s milk. Cah, 52, 59-74.
5. Cooper SM, Owen-Smith N, 1985: Condensed tannins deter feeding by browsing ruminants in a South African savanna. Oecologia, 67, 142-146.
6. Ergül Ş, Ergül A, Göncü S, 2019: Süt Sığırlarında Besleme Stratejilerinin Süt Verimi ve Süt Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkileri. Int J East Mediterr Agric Res, 2 (2), 145-165.
7. Ghaffari MH, Tahmasbi AM, Khorvash M, Naserian AA, Ghaffari AH, Valizadeh H, 2014: Effects of pistachio by‐products in replacement of alfalfa hay on populations of rumen bacteria involved in biohydrogenation and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 98 (3), 578-586.
8. Ghasemi S, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasebi AM, Vakili AR, Behgar M, 2012. Effects of pistachio by-product in replacement of lucerne hay on microbial protein synthesis and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep. Anim Prod Sci, 52 (11), 1052-1057.

9. Gholizadeh H, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasbi AM, 2010: Effect of feeding pistachio byproduct on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy cows. Int J Agric Biol, 12 (6), 867-870.
10. Inostroza K, Bravo S, Larama G, Saenz C, Sepúlveda N, 2020: Variation in Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile during the Lactation of Araucana Creole Ewes in a Pasture-Based System. Animals, 10 (1), 92.
11. Kahraman M, Yüceer Özkul B, 2020: Milk yield and some milk quality traits of Akkaraman, Bafra and Bafra x Akkaraman F1 sheep. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 36 (2), 86-95.
12. Kaufman EI, Asselstine VH, LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, DeVries TJ, 2018: Association of rumination time and health status with milk yield and composition in early-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 101 (1), 462-471.
13. Modarresi SJ, Fathi NM, Dayani O, Rashidi L, 2010: The effect of pomegranate seed pulp feeding on DMI, performance and blood metabolites of southern Khorasan crossbred goats. Animal Science Researches, 20-4 (2), 123-132.
14. Mohapatra A, Shinde AK, Singh R, 2019: Sheep milk: A pertinent functional food. Small Rumin Res, 181, 6-11.
15. Norouzian MA, Ghiasi SE, 2012: Carcass Performance And Meat Mineral Content In Balouchi Lamb Fed Pistachio By-Products. Meat Sci, 92, 157-159.
16. Nudda A, Atzori AS, Correddu F, Battacone G, Lunesu MF, Cannas A, Pulina G, 2020: Effects of nutrition on main components of sheep milk. Small Rumin Res, 184, 106015.
17. Oliveira RA, Narciso CD, Bisinotto RS, Perdomo MC, Ballou MA, Dreher M, Santos JEP, 2010: Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion, and immunocompetence of calves. J Dairy Sci, 93 (9), 4280-4291.
18. Paschino P, Vacca GM, Dettori ML, Pazzola M, 2019: An approach for the estimation of somatic cells’ effect in Sarda sheep milk based on the analysis of milk traits and coagulation properties. Small Rumin Res, 171, 77-81.
19. Podhorecká K, Borková M, Šulc M, Seydlová R, Dragounová H, Švejcarová M, Peroutková J, Elich O, 2021: Somatic cell count in goat milk: an indirect quality indicator. Foods, 10 (5), 1046.
20. Ramírez-Rivera EJ, Rodríguez-Miranda J, Huerta-Mora IR, Cárdenas-Cágal A, Juárez-Barrientos JM, 2019: Tropical milk production systems and milk quality: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51 (6), 1295-1305.
21. Razzaghi A, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Ebrahimi SH, Khorrami B, Malekkhahi M, Khiaosa-ard R, 2015: Pomegranate seed pulp, pistachio hulls, and tomato pomace as replacement of wheat bran increased milk conjugated linoleic acid concentrations without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and performance of Saanen dairy goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 210, 46-55.
22. Reda FM, El-Saadony MT, El-Rayes TK, Attia AI, El-Sayed SA, Ahmed SY, Madkourf M, Alagawany M, 2021: Use of biological nano zinc as a feed additive in quail nutrition: biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity and its effect on growth, feed utilisation, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Ital J Anim Sci, 20 (1), 324-335.
23. Reed JD, 1995: Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J Anim Sci, 73, 1516-1528.
24. Rezaeenia A, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasbi A, 2012: Effect of using different levels of pistachio by-products silage on composition and blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows. Afr J Biotechnol, 11 (22), 6192-6196.
25. Sarıca Ş, 2011: Nar Suyu Yan Ürünlerinin Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım Olanakları. JAFAG, 28 (2), 97-101.
26. Sedighi‐Vesagh R, Naserian AA, Ghaffari MH, Petit HV, 2015: Effects of pistachio by‐products on digestibility, milk production, milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 99 (4), 777-787.
27. Shabtay A, Eitam H, Tadmor Y, Orlov A, Meir A, Weinberg P, Weinberg ZG, Chen Y, Brosh A, Izhaki I, Kerem Z, 2008: Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. J Agric Food Chem, 56 (21), 10063-10070.
28. Shakeri P, Riasi A, Alikhani M, Fazaeli H, Ghorbani GR, 2013: Effects of feeding pistachio by‐products silage on growth performance, serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 97 (6), 1022-1029.
29. Tuik, 2015: Turkish Statistical Institute. Plant production statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bitkisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2015, Erişim tarihi; 21.05.2018.
30. Tuik, 2018: Turkish Statistical Institute. Plant production statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr, Erişim tarihi; 21.05.2018.
31. Tzamaloukas O, Neofytou MC, Simitzis PE, 2021: Application of olive by-products in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants: Implications on rumen function, growth performance, milk and meat quality. Animals, 11 (2), 531.
32. Utama S, Mulyati S, Wurlina W, Mustofa I, 2018: Effect of concentrate to forage ratio on milk urea nitrogen, milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Philipp J Vet Med, 55, 25-34.
33. Villalba JJ, Provenza FD, 2000: Postingestive feedback from starch influences the ingestive behaviour of sheep consuming wheat Straw. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 66, 49-63.
34. Xie Q, Xu Z, 2019: Sustainable agriculture: from sweet sorghum planting and ensiling to ruminant feeding. Mol Plant, 12 (5), 603-606.
35. Yakan A, 2012: Koyun ve keçilerde süt verim kontrol yöntemleri ve laktasyon süt veriminin hesaplanması. Adana Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Dergisi, 2, 18-23.