Kısırlaştırılan Kedilerde Krom Pikolinatın Ağırlık Artışı, Morfometrik Ölçümler ile Kan Lipid ve Leptin Seviyelerine Etkisi

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, kısırlaştırılmış kedilerde krom pikolinatın (CrPic) morfometrik parametreler, ağırlık artışı ile serum lipit ve leptin seviyeleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Kısırlaştırılıp, 2 ay adaptasyon süresini takiben çalışmaya dahil edilen 32 (22 dişi ve 10 erkek) adet, yaşları 1-5 arasında değişen ve ağırlık ortalaması 3021 ± 453 g olan kediler 4 gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubu olarak tutulan kediler (Kontrol I), günlük enerji gereksinimi (60 kcal ME/kg) hesaplanarak ticari kuru mama ile beslendi. Ad-libitum beslenen diğer gruptaki kedilere sırasıyla CrPic kapsülden 0 (Kontrol II), 200 ya da 600 µg Cr/gün, 16 hafta süreyle uygulandı. En fazla ağırlık artışının belirlendiği Kontrol II’de, deri kalınlığı, abdominal çevre ve leptin düzeyinde düşük oranda bir artış gözlenirken, vücut kitle indeksi (BMI) ve göğüs çevresindeki artış önemli bulundu (P<0.05). CrPic verilen gruplarda ise bu değişkenlerdeki azalma önemli değildi. Plazma leptin seviyesi ile vücut ağırlığı (r = 0.510, P<0.01) ve aterojenik indeks (AI) arasında pozitif korelasyon (r = 0.479, P<0.05) belirlenirken, Cr arasında negatif korelasyon (r = -0.445, P<0.05) belirlendi. Kontrol II’de trigliserit (TG), total kolesterol (TC), düşük dansiteli lipoprotein (LDL), LDL ve yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein (HDL)  oranı ve AI değerleri en yüksek seviyede olmakla birlikte, gruplar arasında fark gözlenmedi. Krom ilavesinin de bu parametrelere önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı saptandı.  Serum Cr ve total kolesterol düzeyleri arasında negatif ilişki belirlendi (r = -0.468, P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, kısırlaştırıldıktan sonra ad-libitum beslenen tüm gruplarda canlı ağırlık, BMI, deri altı yağ doku ve plazma leptin seviyesinde artış belirlenirken, krom ilavesinin bu parametrelere önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlendi.

Keywords

• Kedi
• Krom
• Morfometrik ölçüm
• Leptin
• Lipit

Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Weight Gain, Morphometric Measurements and, Blood Lipid and Leptin Levels in Gonadectomized Cats

Abstract

The aim of this study was determined to the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on morphometric measurements, weight gain, and serum lipid and leptin levels in gonadectomized cats. Thirty two (22 female, 10 male), aged 1-5 years, weighing 3021 ± 453 g, were evenly distributed into four groups following a two month adaptation period after gonadectomy. Cats in one group was kept as control (Control I) and fed commercial dry cat food at the amount providing the daily requirements of 60 kcal ME/kg body weight. Cats in the remaining groups fed ad-libitum and supplemented daily with either 0 (Control II), 200 or 600 µg Cr/day as CrPic capsules for 16 weeks. The most marked increase in weight gain was determined in Control II in which significant increase was observed in chest circumference and body mass index (BMI) (P<0.05) whereas slightly increased levels were reported in Skinfold thickness, abdominal circumference and leptin levels. On the other hand, in the CrPic groups (200 and 600 µg/day) the reported decrease in these variables were not significant. Positive correlations were found between weight gain and plasma leptin (r = 0.510, P<0.01) and leptin and atherogenik indeks (AI) (r = 0.479, P<0.05) while Cr negatively correlated with leptin (r = -0.445, P<0.05). Although differences between groups were not significant, the highest values were determined in Control II regarding triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL to high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and AI. It was determined that chromium supplementation did not have significant effect on these parameters. Negative relationship was determined between serum Cr and TC (r = -0.468, P<0.05). In conclusion, in all groups ad-libitum feeding after gonadectomy resulted to increased weight gain, BMI, subcutaneous fat deposition and plasma leptin level. There is no effect in these parameters of chromium supplementation.

Keywords

• Cat
• Chromium
• Morphometric measurements
• Leptin
• Lipid

References

1. AOAC 1984: Official methods of analysis of the associaton of official analytical chemists. 14th ed., Arlington Inc., Virginia, USA.
2. Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SSC, 2000: Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55, 260-263.
3. Anderson RA, 1998: Recent advances in the clinical and biochemical manifestation of chromium deficiency in human and animal nutrition. J Trace Elem Exper Med, 11, 241-250.
4. Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD, 2001: Insulin sensitivity decreases with obesity and lean cats with low insulin sensitivity are at greatest risk of glucose intolerance with weight gain. J Feline Med Surg, 3, 211-228.
5. Besong S, Jackson JA, Trammell DS, Akay V, 2001: Influence of supplemental chromium on concentrations of liver triglyceride blood metabolites and rumen VFA profile in steers fed moderately high fat diet. J Dairy Sci, 84, 1679-1685.
6. Boleman SL, Boleman SJ, Bidner TD, Southern LL, Ward TL, Pontif JE, Pike MM, 1995: Effect of chromium picolinate on growth body composition and tissue accretion in pigs. J Anim Sci, 73, 2033-2042.
7. Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Bolkent S, Mutlu O, Yildirim S, Kangawa K, Minegishi Y, Suzuki H, 2006: The effect of zinc supplementation on ghrelin-immunoreactive cells and lipid parameters in gastrointestinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced female diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem, 286, 77-85.
8. Donoghue S, Scarrlett JM, 1998: Diet and feline obesity. J Nutr, 128, 2776-2778.

9. Elliott DA, Backus RC, Van Loan MD, Rogers QR, 2002: Evulation of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assesment of extracellular and total body water in healthy cats. J Nutr, 132, 1757-1759.
10. Fettman NJ, Stanton CA, Banks LL, Hamar DW, Johnson DE, Hegstad RL, Johnston S, 1997: Effect of neutering on bodyweight metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats. Res Vet Sci, 62, 131-136.
11. Fossum TW, 1997: Surgery of the Genital and Reproductive systems, in Small Animal Surgery, In Fossum TW (eds.) 1th Edn, Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia. pp: 538-574.
12. Friedman JM, Halaas JL, 1998: Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature, 395, 763-770.
13. Harper EJ, Stack DM, Watson TD, Moxham G, 2001: Effect of feeding regimens on bodyweight composition and condition score in cats following ovariohysterectomy. J Small Anim Pract, 42, 433-438.
14. Hasten DL, Hegsted M, Keenan MJ, Morris GS, 1997: Dosage effects of chromium picolinate on growth and body composition in the rat. Nutr Res, 17, 1175-1186.
15. Ishioka K, Soliman MM, Sagawa M, Nakadomo F, Shibata H, Honjoh T, Hashimato A, Kitamura H, Kimura K, Saito M, 2002: Experimental and clinical studies on plasma leptin in obese dogs. J Vet Med Sci, 64, 349-353.
16. Kanchuk ML, Backus RC, Calvert CC, Morris JG, Rogers QR, 2002: Neutering induces changes in food intake body weight plasma insulin and leptin concentrations in normal and lipoprotein. J Nutr, 132, 1730-1732.
17. Kanchuk ML, Backus RC, Calvert CC, Morris JG, Rogers QR, 2003: Weight gain in gonadectomized normal and lipoprotein lipase-deficient male domestic cats results from increased food intake and not decreased energy expenditure. J Nutr, 133, 1866-1874.
18. Laflamme D, 1997: Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats. Clin Tool Feline Prac, 25, 13-18.
19. Lien TF, Wu CP, Horng YM, 2007: Chromium picolinate depressed proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Nutr Res, 27, 176-180.
20. Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Penland JG, 2007: Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight composition and iron status. Nutrition, 233, 187-195.
21. Maffei M, Halas J, Ravussian E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S, Kern PA, Friedman JM, 1995: Leptin levels in human and rodent- measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med, 1, 1155-1161. Martin L, Siliart B, Dumon H, Backus R, Biourge V, Nguyen P, 2001: Leptin body fat content and energy expenditure in intact and gonadectomized adult cats: a preliminary study. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 85, 195-199.
22. Matthews JO, Southern LL, Fernandez JM, Pontif JE, Bidner TD, Odgaar RL, 2001: Effect of chromium picolinate and chromium propionate on glucose and insulin kinetics of growing barrows and on growth and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows. J Anim Sci, 79(8), 2172-2178.
23. Mennen B, 1998: Dietary chromium: an overview. Chromium Information Bureau.
24. Mertz W, 1993: Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J Nutr, 123, 626-633.
25. Muğlalı ÖH, 1998: Beslenme Hastalıkları ve Klinik Besleme. In: “Köpek ve Kedi Besleme Beslenme Hastalıkları ve Klinik Besleme”, Ed; Ergün A ve Muğlalı ÖH, Genç Büro, Ankara, Türkiye.
26. Nelson DL, Cox MM, 2000: Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 3th ed., Worth Publishers, New York, USA. Nguyen PG, Dumon HJ, Siliart BS, 2004: Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats. Am J Vet Res, 65(12), 1708-1713.
27. Page TG, Southern LL, Ward TL, Thompson DL, 1993: Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci, 71, 656-662.
28. Rand JS, Martin G, 2004: Feline Obesity: causes consequences and management. In: 29th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Rhondes, Greece, pp. 382-384.
29. Randall JA, Gibson RS, 1988: Serum insulin and serum lipid profiles of a selected group of southern ontario tannery workers with elevated serum and urine chromium concentrations. Biol Trace Elem Res, 18, 1-8.
30. Shibata H, Akahane R, Honjoh T, Asano M, Mominoki K, Fujii K, Suzuki M, Ohtaishi N, Ishioka K, Ahmed M, Soliman M, Kimura K, Saito M, 2005: Seasonal changes in serum leptin of the feral raccoon (Procyon lotor) determined by canine- leptin-specific ELISA. J Exp Zool,303, 7, 527-533.
31. Shibata H, Sasaki N, Hondjoh T, Ohishi I, TakiguchiM, IshiokaK, Ahmed M, Soliman M, Kimura K, Saito M, 2003: Feline Leptin: Immunogenic and Biological Activities of the Recombinant Protein and Its Measurement by ELISA. J Vet Med Sci, 65, 11, 1207-1211.
32. Striffer JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA, 1998: Dietary chromium decreases insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat mineral-ımbalanced diet. Metabolism, 4, 396-400.
33. Sun C, Wang S, Xia W, Sun W, 2003: Effects of chromium and fish oil on blood lipid and blood glucose in obese rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 32, 2, 110-112.
34. Sun C, Zhang W, Wang S, Zhang Y, 2000: Effect of chromium gluconate on body weight serum leptin and insülin in rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 29, 6, 370-371.
35. Sunvold GD, 1998: The role of novel nutrient in managing obesity. Recent Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition. In: Iams Nutrition Symposium Proceeding, Carey DP, Norton SA and Bolser SM eds. Wilmington OH, Orange Frazer Press, 2, 123-133.
36. Uyanık F, 2001: The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on some blood parameters in sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res, 84, 93-101.
37. World Health Organisation (WHO), 1996: Chromium. Genova, 155-159.
38. Zha LY, Xu ZR, Wang MQ, Gu LY, 2007: Effects of chromium nanoparticle dosage on growth body composition serum hormones and tissue chromium in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 85, 323-330.