Eye Cases Requiring Emergency Intervention in Animals

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 90 - 97, 25.06.2020

Ünal Yavuz , Kerem Yener

https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.678546

Abstract

Head injuries and accidents that cause lesions in the eye tissue can cause loss of vision, pain and severe deformities. In the emergency clinic, intervention in eye injury cases requires accurate and rapid diagnosis. The main objectives of such interventions are to prevention of loss of vision, prevention of loss of bulbus oculi, reduction of pain, and prevention of long-term complications. Traumatic proptosis (especially brachicephalic dog breeds), traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage, desematocele, iris prolapse and corneal lacerations are more common in dogs, cats and horses when evaluated according to animal species. General condition and regional deformity in clinical examination and loss of vision in systematic eye examination are evaluated. The size of the pupil and pupillary light reflex are determined by using a light source. The size and symmetry of the pupil, the opacity of the ocular layer, eyelids, bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, and the surface of the nictitating membrane are directly examined by using an ophthalmoscope from a distance. Each animal should be evaluated by Schirmer I tear test, intraocular pressure measurement by tonometer and B mode ultrasonography using a 7.5-12 MHz probe for examination of deep tissues. Complications should be prevented by medical intervention or surgery immediately after diagnosis. In conclusion, it is extremely important to prevent the permanent sequelae of the eye in the emergency clinic through a correct diagnosis without delay.

Keywords

Emergency, eye, systematic eye examination, trauma, vision loss

Hayvanlarda Acil Girişim Gerektiren Göz Olguları

Abstract

Head injuries and accidents that cause lesions in the eye tissue can cause loss of vision, pain and severe deformities. In the emergency clinic, intervention in eye injury cases requires accurate and rapid diagnosis. The main objectives of such interventions are to prevention of loss of vision, prevention of loss of bulbus oculi, reduction of pain, and prevention of long-term complications. Traumatic proptosis (especially brachicephalic dog breeds), traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage, desematocele, iris prolapse and corneal lacerations are more common in dogs, cats and horses when evaluated according to animal species. General condition and regional deformity in clinical examination and loss of vision in systematic eye examination are evaluated. Complications should be prevented by medical intervention or surgery immediately after diagnosis. In conclusion, it is extremely important to prevent the permanent sequelae of the eye in the emergency clinic through a correct diagnosis without delay.

Keywords

Acil, göz, travma, görme kaybı

References

• 1. Betbeze C, 2015: Management of orbital diseases. Topics in Companion an Med, 30:107–117.
• 2. Belknap EB, 2015: Corneal emergencies. Topics in Companion an Med, 30:74–80.
• 3. Giuliano EA, 2005: Feline ocular emergencies. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 20(2):135-41.
• 4. Adamantos S, Garosi L, 2011: Head trauma in the cat. 1. Assessment and management of craniofacial injury. J Feline Med Surg, 13(11):806-814.
• 5. Ressel L, Hetzel U, Ricci E, 2016: Blunt force trauma in veterinary forensic pathology. Vet. Pathol, 53(5):941-61.
• 6. Tetas PR, Matas RM, Newton R, Donaldson D, 2016: Corneal and anterior segment foreign body trauma in dogs: a review of 218 cases. Vet. Ophthalmol, 19(5):386-97. 7. Sansom J, Labruyère J, 2012: Penetrating ocular gunshot injury in a Labrador Retriever. Vet. Ophthalmol, 15(2):115-22.
• 8. Mandell DC, 2011: Trauma-associated ocular injury. In “Manual of Trauma Management in the Dog and Cat”, Eds; Drobatz KJ, Beal MW, Syring RS, 1st ed., West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, p.229-254.
• 9. Özba B, Kılıç E, 2004: Acil göz kliniği. In “Veteriner Acil Klinik”, Ed; Özaydın İ, 1. Baskı, Bahçıvanlar Basım, p.191-196.
• 10. Aiello SE, 2016: Ophthalmic Emergencies. In “Emergency medicine and critical care”, 11th ed., p.1696-1701.
• 11. Wilkie DA, 2003: Ophthalmic Emergencies. In “Slatter D Ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery”, 2nd Ed., Philadelphia, Elsevier Science, p.1477-1485.
• 12. Barrie K, Williams D, 2002: Diagnostic principles and techniques (Chapter 1). In “Evans TF ed. Handbook of Veterinary Ocular Emergencies”, 1st ed., Cornwall, Butterworth-Heinemann, p.1-11.
• 13. Şaroğlu M, 2013: Kedi ve Köpek Göz Hastalıkları. In “Veteriner Oftalmoloji”, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, p. 1-283.
• 14. Gilger BC, Hamilton HL, Wilkie DA, ve ark., 1995: Traumatic ocular proptoses in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1980-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 206(8):1186-1190.
• 15. Loughran CM, Raisis AL, Haitjema G, Chester Z, 2016: Unilateral retrobulbar hematoma following maxillary nerve block in a dog. J Vet Emerge Crit Care, 26(6): 815-818.
• 16. Crispin SM, 2005: Notes on veterinary ophthalmology. 1st Ed., Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, p.1-355.
• 17. Labelle AL, Psutka K, Collins SP, Hamor RE, 2014: Use of hydropulsion for the treatment of superficial corneal foreign bodies: 15 cases (1999-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 244(4):476-479.
• 18. Barnett K, 2006: Cornea trauma and foreign bodies. In “Diagnostic Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology”. 2nd ed., London, Mosby Elsevier, p.66-67.
• 19. Cullen CL, Grahn BH, 2005: Diagnostic ophthalmology, right corneal foreign body, secondary ulcerative keratitis, and anterior uveitis. Can Vet J, 46(11):1054-1055.
• 20. Barrie K, Williams D, 2002: Cornea. In “Evans TF ed. Handbook of Veterinary Ocular Emergencies”, 1st ed., Cornwall, Butterworth-Heinemann, p.37-63.
• 21. Dohlman CH, Cade F, Pfister R, 2011: Chemical burns to the eye: Paradigm shifts in treatment. In “Cornea”, 30(6):613-614.
• 22. Gelatt KN, 2012: Köpeklerde kornea ve sklera hastalıkları operasyonları. In “Temel Veteriner Oftalmoloji”, Ed; Sırrı A, 1. Baskı, Malatya, Medipress, p.157-210.
• 23. Kim JY, Won HJ, Jeong SW, 2009: A retrospective study of ulcerative keratitis in 32 dogs. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med, 7(1):27-31.
• 24. Hansen PA, Guandalini A, 1999: A retrospective study of 30 cases of frozen lamellar corneal graft in dogs and cats. Vet. Ophthalmol, 2(4):233-241.
• 25. Braus BK, Tichy A, Featherstone HJ, ve ark., 2017: Outcome of phacoemulsification following corneal and lens laceration in cats and dogs (2000-2010). Vet. Ophthalmol, 20(1):4-10.
• 26. Wilkie DA, 2010: Equine glaucoma: State of the art. J Equine Vet. 42(S37):62-68.
• 27. Curto EM, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Chandler HL, Wilkie DA, 2014: Equine glaucoma: a histopathologic retrospective study (1999–2012). Vet. Ophthalmol, 17(5):334–342.
• 28. Maggio F, 2015: Glaucomas. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 30(3):86–96.
• 29. Barrie K, Williams D, 2002: Glaucoma. In “Evans TF Ed. Handbook of Veterinary Ocular Emergencies”. 1st ed., Cornwall, Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 70-74.
• 30. Spiessen L, Karck J, Rohn K, Meyer-Lindenberg A, 2015: Clinical comparison of the TonoVet rebound tonometer and the Tono-Pen Vet applanation tonometer in dogs and cats with ocular disease: glaucoma or corneal pathology. Vet. Ophthalmol, 18(1):20–27.
• 31. Gialletti R, Marchegiani A, Valeriani T, ve ark., 2018: A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases. J Ultrasound, 21(1):53-59.
• 32. Colitz MHC, O’Connell K, 2015: Lens-related emergencies: Not always so clear. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 30(3):81–85.
• 33. Barrie K, Williams D, 2002: Lens. In “Evans TF ed. Handbook of Veterinary Ocular Emergencies”, 1st ed., Cornwall, Butterworth-Heinemann, p.75-78.
• 34. Fife TM, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, 2006: Clinical features and outcomes of phacoemulsification in 39 horses: a retrospective study (1993–2003). Vet. Ophthalmol, 9(5):361–368.
• 35. Volk HA, Bayley KD, Fiani N, Billson FM, 2018: Ophthalmic complications following ocular penetration during routine dentistry in 13 cats. NZ Vet J, 9:1-16.
• 36. Renwick PW, Petersen-Jones SM, 2009: Orbital and ocular pain. In “Peiffer RL, Petersen-Jone SM eds. Small Animal Ophtalmology”. 4th ed., London, Saunders Elsevier, p.203-252.
• 37. Meekins JM, 2015: Acute blindness. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 30(3):118–125.
• 38. Nell B, 2008: Optic neuritis in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 38(2):403-15.
• 39. Smith SM, Westermeyer HD, Mariani CL, Gilger BC, Davidson MG, 2017: Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016). Vet. Ophthalmol, 21(5):442-451.
• 40. Steele KA, Sisler S, Gerding PA, 2012: Outcome of retinal reattachment surgery in dogs: a retrospective study of 145 cases. Vet. Ophthalmol, 15(2):35-40.
• 41. Spatola RA, Nadelstein B, Leber AC, Berdoulay A, 2015: Preoperative findings and visual outcome associated with retinal reattachment surgery in dogs: 217 cases (275 eyes). Vet. Ophthalmol, 18(6):485-96.
• 42. Hoffman A, Sisler S, Pappania M, ve ark., 2018: Electroretinography is a prognostic indicator for postoperative vision in dogs undergoing retinal reattachment surgery. Vet. Ophthalmol, 21(3):273-280.
• 43. Labruyere JJ, Hartley C, Holloway A, 2011: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the differentiation of retinal detachment and vitreous membrane in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract, 52(10):522-30.
• 44. Telle MR, Betbeze C, 2015: Hyphema: Considerations in the small animal patient. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 30(3):97–106.
• 45. Jinks MR, Olea-Popelka F, Freeman KS, 2018: Causes and outcomes of dogs presenting with hyphema to a referral hospital in Colorado: A retrospective analysis of 99 cases. Vet. Ophthalmol, 21(2):160-166.
• 46. Turner SM, 2008: Saunders Solutions in Veterinary Practice. Small Animal Ophthalmology, 1st ed., Edinburgh, Saunders Elsevier, p.1-360.