İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ VE KÜRESELLEŞMENİN ARKTİKA EKONOMİK DÖNÜŞÜMÜ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK BÖLGE POLİTİKALARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 437 - 446, 30.12.2018

Gözde Yirmibeşoğlu , Fatma Cande Yaşar Dinçer

https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.420050

Abstract

In
the last century, climate change has been more influential in the Arctic when
compared with the rest of the world. Access in the region becomes easier due to
global warming, leading to longer seasonal opportunity for shipping and
transportation. Consequently, search for new resources and their extraction has
become easier. All these developments have allowed globalization movements to
accelerate in the region. Due to its geographical location, the United Kingdom
has the opportunity to interact with the region by means of a variety of
routes. The country has been searching for petrol and natural gas in the coasts
of the Arctic since 1960. Moreover, strategically important companies offering
goods and services to a large variety of industrial areas based on the Artic
are substantially experienced in areas such as insurance and risk management,
shipping and mining. Thus, the United Kingdom focuses on increasing its
economic profit by widening its activities. Therefore, it spends great effort
to strengthen bilateral relations with the countries of the region. To sum up,
the aim of this study is to investigate the reasons why the Arctic has been
playing a primary role in international trade along with the impact of climate
change on regional economic activities as well as economic policies of the
United Kingdom in this region. 

Keywords

International trade, climate change, globalization, the Arctic, the United Kingdom

EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE ARCTIC: AN EVALUATION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

Abstract

İklim değişikliği özellikle son yüz yıldır Arktika’da etkisini dünyanın
geri kalanına göre iki kat daha fazla hissettirmektedir. Isınma neticesinde
bölge erişilebilirliği artmakta, ulaşım ve denizcilik için uzun sezon
fırsatları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda yeni kaynak arama ve çıkarma
faaliyetleri kolaylaşmaktadır. Tüm bu gelişmeler küreselleşme hareketlerinin
bölgede hız kazanmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Birleşik Krallık, coğrafi konumu
sayesinde bölgeyle farklı rotalar yoluyla etkileşime girebilme olanağına
sahiptir. Ülke, 1960’lardan bu yana Arktika kıyılarında petrol ve doğal gaz
arama faaliyetlerinde bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca büyüyen birçok sanayiye ürün ve
hizmet sunmak için stratejik pozisyonda bulunan şirketler; sigorta ve risk
yönetimi, denizcilik ve mineral çıkarma da dâhil olmak üzere Arktika’da
faaliyet gösteren çeşitli sektörlerde geniş deneyim sahibidirler. Birleşik
Krallık bölgede faaliyet alanını genişleterek ekonomik çıkarlarını artırmak
istemektedir. Bu amaçla bölge ülkeleriyle ikili ilişkilerini sağlamlaştırmaya
gayret göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Arktika’nın uluslararası
ticarette gün geçtikçe yükselen bir değere sahip olmasının nedenlerinin
araştırılarak iklim değişikliğinin bölge ekonomik faaliyetlerinde yarattığı
transfromasyonların ve Birleşik Krallık’ın bölgede yürüttüğü ekonomik
politikaların incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Uluslararası ticaret, iklim değişikliği, küreselleşme, Arktika, Birleşik Krallık

References

• Anderson, A., 2009. After the Ice: Life, Death and Politics in the New Arctic. Virgin Books, United States of America.
• Arctic Council, (2018). About Us. The Arctic Council: A Backgrounder. (Accessed on January 1, 2018).
• Australian Academy of Science, 2015. The Science of Climate Change Questions and Answers. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
• Brigham, L. W., 2012. Commentary: Thinking about the ‘New’ Arctic Geography. Arctic Yearbook 2012, L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Plouffe, (Eds.), pp. 308-310. (Accessed on September 25, 2017).
• Brigham, L. W., 2015. Marine Navigation in the Arctic Ocean and Northwest Passage. Arctic Ambitions: Captain Cook and the Northwest Passage, J, K, Barnett and D, L, Nicandri, (Eds.), Anchorage Museum, University of Washington Press, China , pp.359-374.
• Byers, M., (2013). International Law and the Arctic. Cambridge Universit Press, Cambridge.
• Craciun, A. 2009. The Scramble for the Arctic. Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 11(1): 103-114. DOI: 10.1080/13698010902752855.
• De Costa, B. F. 1880. Arctic Exploration. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, 12: 159-192. DOI: 10.2307/196524.
• Depledge, D. 2013. Emerging UK Arctic Policy. International Affairs, 89(6): 1445-1457.
• Depledge, D. and Dodds, K. 2011. The UK and the Arctic: The Strategic Gap. Rusi Journal, 156(3): 72-79. DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2011.591097.
• Depledge, D. and Dodds, K. 2014. No Strategy ‘Please’ we’re British: The UK and the Arctic Policy Framework. Rusi Journal, 159(1): 24-31. DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2014.895255.
• Depledge, D., 2012. The United Kingdomand the Arctic in the 21st Century. Arctic Yearbook 2012, L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Plouffe, (Eds.), pp. 131-139. (Accessed on September 25, 2017).
• Dodds, K. and Nuttall, M., 2016. The Scramble fort he Poles: The Geopolitics of the Arctic and Antarctic. Polity Press, Cambridge.
• Duyck, S., 2015. Polar Environmental Governance and Nonstate Actors. Diplomacy on Ice: Energy and the Environment in the Arctic and Antarctic, R, Pincus and S, H, Ali, (Eds.), Yale University Press, United States of America, pp. 13-40.
• Ebinger, C. K. and Zambetakis, E. 2009. The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt. International Affairs, 85(6): 1215-1232.
• Exner-Pirot, H., 2012. Non-Arctic States: The Observer Question at the Arctic Council. Arctic Yearbook 2012, L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Plouffe, (Eds.), pp. 225-246. (Accessed on September 25, 2017).
• Heininen, L. 2011. The end of Post Cold War in the Arctic. Nordia Geographical Publications, 40(4): 31-42.
• HM Government, 2013. Adapting to Change: UK Policy towards the Arctic. Crown Copyright, London.
• House of Lords, 2015. Responding to a Changing Arctic: Report of Session 2014-2015. The Stationery Office Limited, London.
• Humpert, M. and Respotnik, A., 2012. The Future of Arctic Shipping Along the Transpolar Sea Route. Arctic Yearbook 2012, L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Plouffe, (Eds.), pp. 281-307. (Accessed on September 25, 2017).
• Infield, Offshore Arctic Oil&Gas: Market Report to 2018. Infıeld: the Energy Analysts. London, UK. (Accessed on October 18, 2017).
• IPCC, 2013. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley, (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
• IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer, (Eds.), IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
• ISAB, 2016. Final Report of the International Security Advisory Board (ISAB) Report on Arctic Policy. (Accessed on January 10, 2018)
• Le Miere, C. and Mazo, J., 2013. Arctic Opening: Insecurity and Opportunity. Routledge, New York.
• Melia, N., Hanies, K. and Hawkins. E., 2017. Future of the Sea: Implications from Opening Arctic Sea Routes. Foresight-Future of the Sea Evidence Review. (Accessed on March 18, 2018).
• Millar, S. L. 2013. Science at Sea: Soundings and Instrumental Knowledge in British Polar Expedition Narratives, c.1818e1848. Journal of Historical Geography, 42: 77-87. (Accessed on March 10, 2018).
• Nilsson, A. E., 2012. The Arctic Environment-From Low to High Politics. Arctic Yearbook 2012, L. Heininen, H. Exner-Pirot and J. Plouffe, (Eds.), pp. 180-194. (Accessed on September 25, 2017).
• Nord, D. C., 2016. The Arctic Council: Governance within the Far North. Routledge, New York.
• Rainwater, S. 2012. Race to the North: China’s Arctic Strategy and its Implications. Naval War College Review, 66(2): 62-82. S. O. Lindblad and E, Warner, (Eds.), 2016. The Arctic: Reflecting the Landscape, Wildlife and People of the Far North. Rizzoli International Publications, China.
• Shell, Presentation on Shell’s Alaska Activities Dec 4th&5th 2012, Shell Global. (Accessed on October 18, 2017).
• Stauffer, P. H., 2008. Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. USGS Fact Sheet 2008. USGS Science for a Changing World. (Accessed on Novermber 11, 2017).
• Stone, D. P., 2015. The Changing Arctic Environment. Cambridge University Press, New York.