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İşyerinde Etik Algısı Cinsiyete ve Kuşaklara Göre Değişir mi? Türkiye’deki Çalışanlar Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Year 2019, Volume: 48 Issue: 2, 197 - 217, 30.11.2019

Abstract

İşletmelerde çalışanları etik dışı etik algılarını yönetmek kuşkusuz ki en önemli ve karmaşık konulardan biridir. Etik dışı davranışların fazlalaşmasının örgütte ciddi olumsuz sonuçlar yarattığı için incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı işyerinde etik algısının cinsiyete ve kuşaklara göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin tespit edilmesidir. Türkiye’de Y kuşağından 460, X kuşağından 256 ve bebek patlaması kuşağından da 112 olarak toplamda 828 çalışan araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda işyerinde etik dışı davranışa gösterilen tolerans cinsiyete göre ve kısmen kuşaklara göre farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye’deki Y kuşağının göreceli olarak etik dışı davranmaya diğer kuşaklardan daha meyilli olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları, sınırlılıkları açıklanmış ve uygulamaya yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. 

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma Marmara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından SOS-B-070617-0394 proje numarasıyla desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

SOS-B-070617-0394

References

  • Atakan, M. G. S., Burnaz, S., & Topcu, Y. İ. (2008). An empirical investigation of the ethical perceptions of future managers with a special emphasis on gender – Turkish case. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 573–586.
  • Cogin, J. (2012). Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), 2268–2294.
  • Cole, B. C., & Smith, D. L. (1996). Perceptions of business ethics: Students vs. Business People. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(8), 889–896.
  • Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational Differences in Work-Related Attitudes: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375–394.
  • Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally Based Differences in the Workplace: Is There a There There? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 308–323.
  • Craft, J. L. (2018). Common Thread: The Impact of Mission on Ethical Business Culture. A Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 149, 127–145.
  • Culiberg, B., & Mihelič, K. K. (2015). Three ethical frames of reference: Insights into Millennials’ ethical judgements and intentions in the workplace. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(1), 94–111.
  • Curtin, P. A., Gallicano, T., & Matthews, K. (2011). Millennials’ Approaches to Ethical Decision Making: A Survey of Young Public Relations Agency Employees. Public Relations Journal, 5(2), 1–22.
  • Daft, R. (2007). The new era of management. Thomson Learning Pub.
  • Dalton, D., & Ortegren, M. (2011). Gender Differences in Ethics Research: The Importance of Controlling for the Social Desirability Response Bias. Journal of Business Ethics, 103, 73–93.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2016). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences; N. Naples, R. C. Hoogland, M. Wickramasinghe, & W.C.A. Wong (Eds.) kitabı içinde bölüm.
  • Eagly, A. H. (2005). Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter? The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 459–474.
  • Eddy S. W. Ng, E.S.W., Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. T. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 281–292.
  • Ekin, M. G. S., & Tezölmez, S. H. (1999). Business ethics in Turkey: An empirical ınvestigation with special emphasis on gender. Journal of Business Ethics 18(1), 17–34.
  • Ergeneli, A., & Arikan, S. (2002). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of salespeople: An empirical examination in Turkey. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(3), 247–260.
  • Franke, G. R., Crown, D. E., & Spake, D. E. (1997). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 920–934.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Glover, S. H., Bumpus, M. A., Sharp, G. F., & Munchus, G. A. (2002). Gender differences in ethical decision making. Women in Management Review, 17(5), 217–227.
  • Greenwood, M. (2013). Ethical analyses of HRM: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(2), 355-366.
  • Hanna, R. C., Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F. (2013). Social learning theory: A multicultural study of influences on ethical behavior. Journal of Marketing Education, 35(1), 18–25.
  • Harris, J. R. (1990). Ethical values of ındividuals at different levels in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 741–750.
  • Hauw S. De, A. De Vos (2010). Millennials’ Career Per- spective and Psychological Contract Expectations: Does the Recession Lead to Lowered Expectations? Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 293- 302.
  • Ho, J. A. (2010). Ethical perception: are differences between ethnic groups situation dependent? Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(2), 154–182.
  • Honeycutt, Jr., E. D., Glassman, M., Zugelder, M. T., & Karande, K. (2001). Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of autosalespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 32, 69–79.
  • Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P. (2000). A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 25, 185–204.
  • Lund, D. L. (2008). Gender differences in ethics judgment of marketing professionals in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 77, 501–515.
  • Mayer, D. M. Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee Misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 95:7–16.
  • Meier, J., & Crocker, M. (2010). Generation Y in the workforce: Managerial challenges. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(1), 68–78.
  • Murphy, E. F., Gordon, J. D., & Anderson, T. L. (2004). Cross-Cultural generational differences between the United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 9, 21–48.
  • O’Fallon, M. J., Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 19962003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413.
  • Parry, E., & Peter Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: A Review of theory and evidence. International Journal of Management Review, 13(1), 19–96.
  • Peterson, D., Rhoads, A., & Vaught, B. C. (2001). Ethical beliefs of business professionals: A study of gender, age and external factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(3), 225–232.
  • Ramsey, R. P., Marshall, G. W., Johnston, M. W., & Deeter-Schmelz, D. R. (2007). Ethical ıdeologies and older consumer perceptions of unethical sales tactics. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(2), 191–207.
  • Roxas, M. L., & Stoneback, J. Y. (2004). The ımportance of gender across cultures in ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(2), 149–165.
  • Saruhan, S. C., & Yıldız, M. L. (2014). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi: Teori ve uygulama. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Rerjesen, S., Vinnicombe, S., & Freeman, C. (2007). Attracting generation Y graduates: Organizational attributes, likelihood to apply and sex differences. Career Development International, 12, 504–522.
  • Thomas, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., & Dienhart, J. W. (2004). Strategic leadership of ethical behavior in Business. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 56–66.
  • Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person–situation interactionist model. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617.
  • Vos, A. De, K. De S., & Meganck, A. (2009). The relationship between career-related antecedents and graduates’ anticipatory psychological contracts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(3), 289–298.
  • Weber, J., Urick, M. J. (2017). Examining the millennials’ ethical profile: Assessing demographic variations in their personal value orientations. Business and Society Review 122(4), 469–506.
  • Weeks, W. A., Moore, C. W., McKinney, J.a., Longenecker, J. G. (1999). The effects of gender and career stage on ethical judgment. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(4), 301–313.
  • Whitley, Jr., B. E., Nelson, A. B., & Jones, C. J. (1999). Gender differences in cheating attitudes and classroom cheating behavior: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 41, 657–680.
  • Wittmer, D. P. (2000). Ethical sensitivity in management decisions: Developing and testing a perceptual measure among management and professional student groups’. Teaching Business Ethics, 4(2), 181–205.
  • Yıldız, M. L. (2016). Managing generation Y: A study of generational shifts in Turkey, ABSRC Milan 2016, Milan: Italy, October 20-21.
  • Yıldız, M. L. (2016a). Generational Differences in Perceptions of Leadership, 2016 International Academic Business Conference, Venice: Italy, June 6-8. (Best Paper Award)
  • Zabel, K. L., Biermeier-Hanson, B. B. J., Baltes, B. B., Early, B. J., & Shepard, A. (2017). Generational differences in work ethic: Fact or fiction? Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(3), 301–315.
  • Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (1999). Generations at work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace, Amacom.

Are Gender and Generational Differences in Ethical Perceptions Real? An Empirical Study on Workplace in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 48 Issue: 2, 197 - 217, 30.11.2019

Abstract

Managing ethical perceptions is a complicated and important problem because unethical behavior can cause many negative outcomes for business organizations. The purpose of the study is to determine the gender and generational differences in ethical perceptions in the workplace. The sample of the study is 828 workers (460 of Gen Y, 256 of Gen X and 112 of baby boomers) In Turkey. The findings suggest that women are more ethical than men. There is also evidence to suggest that generational differences are an important factor in understanding the differences of ethical perceptions of workers in the workplace. Moreover, Generation Y in Turkey tend to be more tolerant of unethical behavior than Generation X in the workplace. The results, limitations, and implications of the research is presented for managers. 

Project Number

SOS-B-070617-0394

References

  • Atakan, M. G. S., Burnaz, S., & Topcu, Y. İ. (2008). An empirical investigation of the ethical perceptions of future managers with a special emphasis on gender – Turkish case. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 573–586.
  • Cogin, J. (2012). Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), 2268–2294.
  • Cole, B. C., & Smith, D. L. (1996). Perceptions of business ethics: Students vs. Business People. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(8), 889–896.
  • Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational Differences in Work-Related Attitudes: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375–394.
  • Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally Based Differences in the Workplace: Is There a There There? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 308–323.
  • Craft, J. L. (2018). Common Thread: The Impact of Mission on Ethical Business Culture. A Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 149, 127–145.
  • Culiberg, B., & Mihelič, K. K. (2015). Three ethical frames of reference: Insights into Millennials’ ethical judgements and intentions in the workplace. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(1), 94–111.
  • Curtin, P. A., Gallicano, T., & Matthews, K. (2011). Millennials’ Approaches to Ethical Decision Making: A Survey of Young Public Relations Agency Employees. Public Relations Journal, 5(2), 1–22.
  • Daft, R. (2007). The new era of management. Thomson Learning Pub.
  • Dalton, D., & Ortegren, M. (2011). Gender Differences in Ethics Research: The Importance of Controlling for the Social Desirability Response Bias. Journal of Business Ethics, 103, 73–93.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2016). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences; N. Naples, R. C. Hoogland, M. Wickramasinghe, & W.C.A. Wong (Eds.) kitabı içinde bölüm.
  • Eagly, A. H. (2005). Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter? The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 459–474.
  • Eddy S. W. Ng, E.S.W., Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. T. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 281–292.
  • Ekin, M. G. S., & Tezölmez, S. H. (1999). Business ethics in Turkey: An empirical ınvestigation with special emphasis on gender. Journal of Business Ethics 18(1), 17–34.
  • Ergeneli, A., & Arikan, S. (2002). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of salespeople: An empirical examination in Turkey. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(3), 247–260.
  • Franke, G. R., Crown, D. E., & Spake, D. E. (1997). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 920–934.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Glover, S. H., Bumpus, M. A., Sharp, G. F., & Munchus, G. A. (2002). Gender differences in ethical decision making. Women in Management Review, 17(5), 217–227.
  • Greenwood, M. (2013). Ethical analyses of HRM: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(2), 355-366.
  • Hanna, R. C., Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F. (2013). Social learning theory: A multicultural study of influences on ethical behavior. Journal of Marketing Education, 35(1), 18–25.
  • Harris, J. R. (1990). Ethical values of ındividuals at different levels in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 741–750.
  • Hauw S. De, A. De Vos (2010). Millennials’ Career Per- spective and Psychological Contract Expectations: Does the Recession Lead to Lowered Expectations? Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 293- 302.
  • Ho, J. A. (2010). Ethical perception: are differences between ethnic groups situation dependent? Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(2), 154–182.
  • Honeycutt, Jr., E. D., Glassman, M., Zugelder, M. T., & Karande, K. (2001). Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of autosalespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 32, 69–79.
  • Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P. (2000). A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 25, 185–204.
  • Lund, D. L. (2008). Gender differences in ethics judgment of marketing professionals in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 77, 501–515.
  • Mayer, D. M. Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee Misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 95:7–16.
  • Meier, J., & Crocker, M. (2010). Generation Y in the workforce: Managerial challenges. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(1), 68–78.
  • Murphy, E. F., Gordon, J. D., & Anderson, T. L. (2004). Cross-Cultural generational differences between the United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 9, 21–48.
  • O’Fallon, M. J., Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 19962003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413.
  • Parry, E., & Peter Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: A Review of theory and evidence. International Journal of Management Review, 13(1), 19–96.
  • Peterson, D., Rhoads, A., & Vaught, B. C. (2001). Ethical beliefs of business professionals: A study of gender, age and external factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(3), 225–232.
  • Ramsey, R. P., Marshall, G. W., Johnston, M. W., & Deeter-Schmelz, D. R. (2007). Ethical ıdeologies and older consumer perceptions of unethical sales tactics. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(2), 191–207.
  • Roxas, M. L., & Stoneback, J. Y. (2004). The ımportance of gender across cultures in ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(2), 149–165.
  • Saruhan, S. C., & Yıldız, M. L. (2014). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi: Teori ve uygulama. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Rerjesen, S., Vinnicombe, S., & Freeman, C. (2007). Attracting generation Y graduates: Organizational attributes, likelihood to apply and sex differences. Career Development International, 12, 504–522.
  • Thomas, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., & Dienhart, J. W. (2004). Strategic leadership of ethical behavior in Business. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 56–66.
  • Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person–situation interactionist model. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617.
  • Vos, A. De, K. De S., & Meganck, A. (2009). The relationship between career-related antecedents and graduates’ anticipatory psychological contracts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(3), 289–298.
  • Weber, J., Urick, M. J. (2017). Examining the millennials’ ethical profile: Assessing demographic variations in their personal value orientations. Business and Society Review 122(4), 469–506.
  • Weeks, W. A., Moore, C. W., McKinney, J.a., Longenecker, J. G. (1999). The effects of gender and career stage on ethical judgment. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(4), 301–313.
  • Whitley, Jr., B. E., Nelson, A. B., & Jones, C. J. (1999). Gender differences in cheating attitudes and classroom cheating behavior: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 41, 657–680.
  • Wittmer, D. P. (2000). Ethical sensitivity in management decisions: Developing and testing a perceptual measure among management and professional student groups’. Teaching Business Ethics, 4(2), 181–205.
  • Yıldız, M. L. (2016). Managing generation Y: A study of generational shifts in Turkey, ABSRC Milan 2016, Milan: Italy, October 20-21.
  • Yıldız, M. L. (2016a). Generational Differences in Perceptions of Leadership, 2016 International Academic Business Conference, Venice: Italy, June 6-8. (Best Paper Award)
  • Zabel, K. L., Biermeier-Hanson, B. B. J., Baltes, B. B., Early, B. J., & Shepard, A. (2017). Generational differences in work ethic: Fact or fiction? Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(3), 301–315.
  • Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (1999). Generations at work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace, Amacom.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Müge Leyla Yıldız 0000-0001-7618-4529

Selay Giray Yakut 0000-0003-4002-7956

Project Number SOS-B-070617-0394
Publication Date November 30, 2019
Submission Date August 6, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 48 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldız, M. L., & Giray Yakut, S. (2019). İşyerinde Etik Algısı Cinsiyete ve Kuşaklara Göre Değişir mi? Türkiye’deki Çalışanlar Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Istanbul Business Research, 48(2), 197-217.

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