Gametogenez ve embriyogenez sürecinde yeni bir molekül: Geminin

Abstract

Germ kök hücreleri, popülasyonlarını korumak ve farklı gametler oluşturmak için uzun vadede bölünürler. Kararsız düzenleyici protein olan Geminin, kök hücrelerin bölünmeye devam edip etmeyeceğini veya terminal farklılaşmaya devam edip etmeyeceğini belirleyen faktörlerden biri olarak düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemede, Geminin molekülünün işlevleri incelenecektir.

Keywords

• Gelişim biyolojisi,gametogenez,geminin

References

1. 1. McGarry TJ, Kirschner MW. Geminin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis. Cell 1998;93:1043-53.
2. 2. Kroll KL, Salic AN, Evans LM, Kirschner MW. Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural plate at the onset of gastrulation. Development 1998;125:3247-58.
3. 3. Luo L, Kessel M. Geminin coordinates cell cycle and developmental control. Cell Cycle 2004;3:711-4.
4. 4. Seo S, Kroll KL. Geminin's double life: chromatin connections that regulate transcription at the transition from proliferation to differentiation. Cell Cycle 2006;5:374-9.
5. 5. Fujita M. Cdt1 revisited: complex and tight regulation during the cell cycle and consequences of deregulation in mammalian cells. Cell Div 2006;1:22.
6. 6. Yuan Y, Ma XS, Liang QX, Xu ZY, Huang L, Meng TG, et al. Geminin deletion in pre-meiotic DNA replication stage causes spermatogenesis defect and infertility. J Reprod Dev 2017;63:481-8.
7. 7. Oatley JM, Brinster RL. Regulation of spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal in mammals. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008;24:263-86.
8. 8. de Rooij DG, Russell LD. All you wanted to know about spermatogonia but were afraid to ask. J Androl 2000;21:776-98.

9. 9. Russell LD. Histological and Histopathological Evaluation of the Testis. International Journal of Andrology 1993;16:83-83.
10. 10. Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.
11. 11. Barry KA, Schultz KM, Payne CJ, McGarry TJ. Geminin is required for mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia. Dev Biol 2012;371:35-46.
12. 12. Kılıç KD, Yi¤ittürk G, Çavuo¤lu T, Erba O, Uyanıkgil Y, Bilge O. 2017. Sıçan testisinde subakut deltametrin maruziyetinin etkileri: Histopatolojik bir çalıma. ‹stanbul Bilim Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Tıp Dergisi 2016;2:266-71.
13. 13. Kılıç KD. Testiküler germ hücre tümörlü deneklerde sisplatin ya da karboplatin kemoterapisinin testiküler fonksiyon ve sperm nükleusuna etkisi Androloji Bülteni 2016;18:275.
14. 14. Wohlschlegel JA, Dwyer BT, Dhar SK, Cvetic C, Walter JC, Dutta A. Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA replication by geminin binding to Cdt1. Science 2000;290:2309-12.
15. 15. Ma XS, Lin F, Wang ZW, Hu MW, Huang L, Meng TG, et al. Geminin deletion in mouse oocytes results in impaired embryo development and reduced fertility. Mol Biol Cell 2016;27:768-75.
16. 16. Benjamin JM, Torke SJ, Demeler B, McGarry TJ. Geminin has dimerization, Cdt1-binding, and destruction domains that are required for biological activity. J Biol Chem 2004;279:45957-68.
17. 17. Li A, Blow JJ. Cdt1 downregulation by proteolysis and geminin inhibition prevents DNA re-replication in Xenopus. EMBO J 2005;24:395-404.
18. 18. Lin JJ, Dutta A. ATR pathway is the primary pathway for activating G2/M checkpoint induction after re-replication. J Biol Chem 2007;282:30357-62.
19. 19. Rakotomalala L, Studach L, Wang WH, Gregori G, Hullinger RL, Andrisani O. Hepatitis B virus X protein increases the Cdt1-to-geminin ratio inducing DNA re-replication and polyploidy. J Biol Chem 2008;283:28729-40.
20. 20. Ballabeni A, Melixetian M, Zamponi R, Masiero L, Marinoni F, Helin K. Human geminin promotes pre-RC formation and DNA replication by stabilizing CDT1 in mitosis. EMBO J 2004;23:3122-32.
21. 21. Hall JR, Lee HO, Bunker BD, Dorn ES, Rogers GC, Duronio RJ. Cdt1 and Cdc6 are destabilized by rereplication-induced DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2008;283:25356-63.
22. 22. Lu F, Lan R, Zhang H, Jiang Q, Zhang C. Geminin is partially localized to the centrosome and plays a role in proper centrosome duplication. Biol Cell 2009;101:273-85.
23. 23. Narasimhachar Y, Coué M. Geminin stabilizes Cdt1 during meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 2009;284:27235-42.
24. 24. Gonzalez MA, Tachibana KE, Adams DJ, van der Weyden L, Hemberger M, Coleman N, et al. Geminin is essential to prevent endoreduplication and to form pluripotent cells during mammalian development. Genes Dev 2006;20:1880-4.
25. 25. Hara K, Nakayama KI, Nakayama K. Geminin is essential for the development of preimplantation mouse embryos. Genes Cells 2006;11:1281-93.
26. 26. Yang VS, Carter SA, Hyland SJ, Tachibana-Konwalski K, Laskey RA, Gonzalez MA. Geminin escapes degradation in G1 of mouse pluripotent cells and mediates the expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. Curr Biol 2011;21:692-9.
27. 27. Yellajoshyula D, Patterson ES, Elitt MS, Kroll KL. Geminin promotes neural fate acquisition of embryonic stem cells by maintaining chromatin in an accessible and hyperacetylated state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:3294-9.
28. 28. Tabrizi GA, Böse K, Reimann Y, Kessel M. Geminin is required for the maintenance of pluripotency. PLoS One 2013;8:73826.
29. 29. Patmanidi AL, Champeris Tsaniras S, Karamitros D, Kyrousi C, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Concise Review: Geminin-A Tale of Two Tails: DNA Replication and Transcriptional/Epigenetic Regulation in Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2017;35:299-310.
30. 30. de Renty C, Kaneko KJ, DePamphilis ML. The dual roles of geminin during trophoblast proliferation and differentiation. Dev Biol 2014;387:49-63.
31. 31. Quinn LM, Herr A, McGarry TJ, Richardson H. The Drosophila Geminin homolog: roles for Geminin in limiting DNA replication, in anaphase and in neurogenesis. Genes Dev 2001;15:2741-54.
32. 32. Luo L, Yang X, Takihara Y, Knoetgen H, Kessel M. The cell-cycle regulator geminin inhibits Hox function through direct and polycomb-mediated interactions. Nature 2004;427:749-53.
33. 33. Del Bene F, Tessmar-Raible K, Wittbrodt J. Direct interaction of geminin and Six3 in eye development. Nature 2004;427:745-9.