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Sites of the Memory of the Serbian Nation in Kosovo and the Place of Kosovo in the Collective Memory of the Serbs

Year 2024, , 385 - 401, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1424540

Abstract

Drawing on the conceptual framework of sites of memory and collective memory, the study examines Kosovo as a crucial site of Serbian national memory, focusing on the historic Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Through a qualitative analysis based on primary and secondary sources, it addresses the question of why, when, and how Kosovo became a prominent part of the Serbian collective memory. In this regard, the study explores the contribution of the Serbian Orthodox Church, historical narratives, myths, monuments, memorials, songs, poems, and other cultural expressions in both achieving and maintaining Kosovo's distinctive position within the collective memory of the Serbian nation. Moreover, the study explores Serbian perceptions and socially constructed images related to Kosovo, the Battle of Kosovo, and the national heroes central to this significant event. Finally, it scrutinizes the resurgence of the Kosovo narrative for political objectives orchestrated by Serbian political elites, with particular attention given to the influence of Slobodan Milosevic.

References

  • Anzulović, B. (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. New York University Press.
  • Bakic-Hayden, M. (2004). National Memory As Narrative Memory: The Case of Kosovo. In M. Todorova (Ed.), Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory (pp. 25–40). New York University Press.
  • Benton-Short, L. (2008). Monuments and Memories. In T. Hall, P. Hubbard, & J. R. Short (Eds.), The SAGE Companion to the City (pp. 87–105). Sage Publications.
  • Bilgin, N. (2013). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek. Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Calic, M.-J. (2019). A History of Yugoslavia (D. Geyer, Trans.). Purdue University Press.
  • Ćirković, S. M. (2004). The Serbs (V. Tošić, Trans.). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Connerton, P. (1989). How societies remember. Cambridge University Press.
  • Djilas, A. (1993). A profile of Slobodan Milošević. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 81–96.
  • Dragnich, A. N., & Todorovich, S. (1984). The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations. East European Monographs.
  • Duijzings, G. (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. Columbia University Press.
  • Emmert, T. A. (1990). Serbian Golgotha: Kosovo, 1389. Columbia University Press.
  • Erjavec, K., & Volčič, Z. (2007). The Kosovo Battle: Media’s Recontextualization of the Serbian Nationalistic Discourses. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(3), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X07302943.
  • Göransson, M. B. (2013, November 4). A Cultural History of Serbia. Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2013/11/04/a-cultural-history-of-serbia/
  • Greenawalt, A. (2001). Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory. Spaces of Identity, 3, 49–65. https://doi.org/10.25071/1496-6778.8045
  • Halbwachs, M. (2016). Hafızanın Toplumsal Çerçeveleri (B. Uçar, Trans.). Heretik Yayınları.
  • Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif Hafıza (B. Barış, Trans.). Heretik Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2012). Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The Invention of Tradition (pp. 1–14). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (Eds.). (2012). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press.
  • Humphreys, B. (2013). The Battle Backwards: A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths. Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki.
  • Hürriyet. (2014). 1. Murad’ı sırtından bıçaklayan Obiliç’in heykeli dikildi. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/1-muradi-sirtindan-bicaklayan-obilicin-heykeli-dikildi-26704110
  • Judah, T. (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed). Yale University Press.
  • Lauwers, G., & Smis, S. (2000). New dimensions of the right to self‐determination: A study of the international response to the Kosovo crisis. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 6(2), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110008428595
  • Lellio, A. D., & Schwandner‐Sievers, S. (2006). The Legendary Commander: The Construction of an Albanian Master-Narrative in Post-War Kosovo. Nations and Nationalism, 12(3), 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x
  • Lucas, K. (2017, November 7). The story of a warlord and his popstar wife who led FK Obilić into Europe. Planet Football. https://www.planetfootball.com/in-depth/story-warlord-popstar-wife-led-fk-obilic-europe
  • Lugar, P. B. (2005). The History and Effects of The Kosovo Polje Mythology [Master’s Thesis]. Master Of Military Art and Science, Faculty Of The U.S. Army Command And General Staff College.
  • Malcolm, N. (2002). Kosovo: A Short History. Pan Books.
  • Muhadri, B. (2021). The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians. Journal of History and Future, 7(1), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.898751
  • Nora, P. (1996). Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past (L. D. Kritzman, Ed.; A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Columbia University Press.
  • Nora, P. (2006). Hafıza Mekanları (M. E. Özcan, Trans.). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Özkan, Ö. D. (2008). Kosova’da Çatışan Milliyetçilikler. Birikim Dergisi, 228. https://birikimdergisi.com/dergiler/birikim/1/sayi-228-nisan-2008/2410/kosova-da-catisan-milliyetcilikler/3721
  • Özkırımlı, U. (2013). Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel Bir Bakış (4.Baskı). Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Pappas, N. C. J. (1994). Between Two Empires: Serbian Survival in the Years After Kosovo. In A. N. Dragnich (Ed.), Serbia’s Historical Heritage (pp. 17–37). East European Monographs.
  • Qafmolla, E. (2016). Serbs Celebrate Vidovdan and the Battle of Kosovo Amid Tight Security. Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbs-celebrate-vidovdan-and-the-battle-of-kosovo-amid-tight-security-06-28-2016.
  • Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (Director). (2013). St. Vitus Day in Kosovo [Video recording]. https://www.rferl.org/a/25031121.html.
  • Ređep, J. (1991). The Legend of Kosovo. Oral Tradition, 6(2–3), 253–265.
  • Renan, E. (1990). What is a nation? In H. K. Bhabha (Ed.), Nation and Narration (pp. 8–22). Routledge.
  • Sadoğlu, H. (2016). Balkanlar’da Milliyetçilik ve Din. International Journal of Political Studies, 2(1), 1–10.
  • Savaş, H. (2001). Dünü Ve Bugünüyle Kosova Sorunu-II. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 101–111.
  • Sell, L. (2002). Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press.
  • Spasić, I. (2011). The Trauma of Kosovo in Serbian National Narratives. In R. Eyerman, J. C. Alexan der, & E. B. Breese (Eds.), Narrating Trauma: On the Impact of Collective Suffering (pp. 81–105). Paradigm Publishers.
  • Šuber, D. (2006). Myth, Collective Trauma and War in Serbia: A Cultural- hermeneutical Appraisal. Anthropology Matters Journal, 8(1), 1–9.
  • Suda, E. Z. (2017). Büyük Savaşın Hafıza Mekanları: Gelibolu ve Alsace Lorraine. Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Till, K. E. (2006). Places of Memory. In J. Agnew, K. Mitchell, & G. Toal (Eds.), A Companion to Political Geography (pp. 289–301). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Uğurlu, M. (2010). Sırp Milliyetçiliğinde Kosova Efsanesinin Yeri ve Önemi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı.
  • Uğurlu, M. (2011). Kosova Efsanesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(14), 241–252. Umar, S. (2015). Belgrad 500 Yıl Sonra. Boyut Yayıncılık.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). Osmanlı Tarihi: Vol. I.Cilt (5.Baskı). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Vickers, M. (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. Hurst.
  • Volkan, V. (2009). Körü Körüne İnanç: Kriz ve Terör Dönemlerinde Geniş Gruplar ve Liderleri. Okuyan Us Yayınları.

Kosova’da Sırp Ulusunun Hafıza Mekanları ve Sırpların Kolektif Hafızasında Kosova’nın Yeri

Year 2024, , 385 - 401, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1424540

Abstract

Kavramsal çerçeve olarak hafıza mekanları ve kolektif hafıza kavramlarına dayanan bu çalışma, 1389 Kosova Savaşını odağına alarak, Kosova’nın içerisinde barındırdığı hafıza mekanları ile Sırp ulusal hafızasında taşıdığı önemi incelemektedir. Çalışmada birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan toplanan verilere dayalı bir nitel analiz yoluyla, Kosova'nın nasıl, neden, ne zaman Sırp kolektif hafızasının önemli bir parçası haline geldiği sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Sırp Ortodoks Kilisesi'nin, tarihsel anlatıların, mitlerin, anıtların, şarkıların, şiirlerin ve diğer kültürel ifadelerin Kosova'nın Sırp ulusunun kolektif hafızası içindeki kendine özgü konumunu elde etmesi ve sürdürmesinde oynadığı role değinilmiştir. Çalışma ayrıca Kosova, Kosova Savaşı ve Sırp ulusu için tarihi bir önemi olan bu savaşın merkezinde yer alan ulusal kahramanlarla ilgili Sırp algılarını ve sosyal olarak inşa edilen imgeleri incelemektedir. Son olarak, Slobodan Miloseviç’in tutum ve politikaları çerçevesinde, Sırp siyasi elitlerin siyasi hedefleri doğrultusunda Kosova’yı nasıl araçsallaştırdığı ve Kosova anlatısının yeniden canlandırılmasında nasıl rol oynadıkları ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Anzulović, B. (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. New York University Press.
  • Bakic-Hayden, M. (2004). National Memory As Narrative Memory: The Case of Kosovo. In M. Todorova (Ed.), Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory (pp. 25–40). New York University Press.
  • Benton-Short, L. (2008). Monuments and Memories. In T. Hall, P. Hubbard, & J. R. Short (Eds.), The SAGE Companion to the City (pp. 87–105). Sage Publications.
  • Bilgin, N. (2013). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek. Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Calic, M.-J. (2019). A History of Yugoslavia (D. Geyer, Trans.). Purdue University Press.
  • Ćirković, S. M. (2004). The Serbs (V. Tošić, Trans.). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Connerton, P. (1989). How societies remember. Cambridge University Press.
  • Djilas, A. (1993). A profile of Slobodan Milošević. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 81–96.
  • Dragnich, A. N., & Todorovich, S. (1984). The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations. East European Monographs.
  • Duijzings, G. (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. Columbia University Press.
  • Emmert, T. A. (1990). Serbian Golgotha: Kosovo, 1389. Columbia University Press.
  • Erjavec, K., & Volčič, Z. (2007). The Kosovo Battle: Media’s Recontextualization of the Serbian Nationalistic Discourses. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(3), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X07302943.
  • Göransson, M. B. (2013, November 4). A Cultural History of Serbia. Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2013/11/04/a-cultural-history-of-serbia/
  • Greenawalt, A. (2001). Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory. Spaces of Identity, 3, 49–65. https://doi.org/10.25071/1496-6778.8045
  • Halbwachs, M. (2016). Hafızanın Toplumsal Çerçeveleri (B. Uçar, Trans.). Heretik Yayınları.
  • Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif Hafıza (B. Barış, Trans.). Heretik Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2012). Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The Invention of Tradition (pp. 1–14). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (Eds.). (2012). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press.
  • Humphreys, B. (2013). The Battle Backwards: A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths. Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki.
  • Hürriyet. (2014). 1. Murad’ı sırtından bıçaklayan Obiliç’in heykeli dikildi. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/1-muradi-sirtindan-bicaklayan-obilicin-heykeli-dikildi-26704110
  • Judah, T. (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed). Yale University Press.
  • Lauwers, G., & Smis, S. (2000). New dimensions of the right to self‐determination: A study of the international response to the Kosovo crisis. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 6(2), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110008428595
  • Lellio, A. D., & Schwandner‐Sievers, S. (2006). The Legendary Commander: The Construction of an Albanian Master-Narrative in Post-War Kosovo. Nations and Nationalism, 12(3), 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x
  • Lucas, K. (2017, November 7). The story of a warlord and his popstar wife who led FK Obilić into Europe. Planet Football. https://www.planetfootball.com/in-depth/story-warlord-popstar-wife-led-fk-obilic-europe
  • Lugar, P. B. (2005). The History and Effects of The Kosovo Polje Mythology [Master’s Thesis]. Master Of Military Art and Science, Faculty Of The U.S. Army Command And General Staff College.
  • Malcolm, N. (2002). Kosovo: A Short History. Pan Books.
  • Muhadri, B. (2021). The Battle of Kosovo 1389 and the Albanians. Journal of History and Future, 7(1), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.898751
  • Nora, P. (1996). Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past (L. D. Kritzman, Ed.; A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Columbia University Press.
  • Nora, P. (2006). Hafıza Mekanları (M. E. Özcan, Trans.). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Özkan, Ö. D. (2008). Kosova’da Çatışan Milliyetçilikler. Birikim Dergisi, 228. https://birikimdergisi.com/dergiler/birikim/1/sayi-228-nisan-2008/2410/kosova-da-catisan-milliyetcilikler/3721
  • Özkırımlı, U. (2013). Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel Bir Bakış (4.Baskı). Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Pappas, N. C. J. (1994). Between Two Empires: Serbian Survival in the Years After Kosovo. In A. N. Dragnich (Ed.), Serbia’s Historical Heritage (pp. 17–37). East European Monographs.
  • Qafmolla, E. (2016). Serbs Celebrate Vidovdan and the Battle of Kosovo Amid Tight Security. Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbs-celebrate-vidovdan-and-the-battle-of-kosovo-amid-tight-security-06-28-2016.
  • Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (Director). (2013). St. Vitus Day in Kosovo [Video recording]. https://www.rferl.org/a/25031121.html.
  • Ređep, J. (1991). The Legend of Kosovo. Oral Tradition, 6(2–3), 253–265.
  • Renan, E. (1990). What is a nation? In H. K. Bhabha (Ed.), Nation and Narration (pp. 8–22). Routledge.
  • Sadoğlu, H. (2016). Balkanlar’da Milliyetçilik ve Din. International Journal of Political Studies, 2(1), 1–10.
  • Savaş, H. (2001). Dünü Ve Bugünüyle Kosova Sorunu-II. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 101–111.
  • Sell, L. (2002). Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press.
  • Spasić, I. (2011). The Trauma of Kosovo in Serbian National Narratives. In R. Eyerman, J. C. Alexan der, & E. B. Breese (Eds.), Narrating Trauma: On the Impact of Collective Suffering (pp. 81–105). Paradigm Publishers.
  • Šuber, D. (2006). Myth, Collective Trauma and War in Serbia: A Cultural- hermeneutical Appraisal. Anthropology Matters Journal, 8(1), 1–9.
  • Suda, E. Z. (2017). Büyük Savaşın Hafıza Mekanları: Gelibolu ve Alsace Lorraine. Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Till, K. E. (2006). Places of Memory. In J. Agnew, K. Mitchell, & G. Toal (Eds.), A Companion to Political Geography (pp. 289–301). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Uğurlu, M. (2010). Sırp Milliyetçiliğinde Kosova Efsanesinin Yeri ve Önemi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı.
  • Uğurlu, M. (2011). Kosova Efsanesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(14), 241–252. Umar, S. (2015). Belgrad 500 Yıl Sonra. Boyut Yayıncılık.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). Osmanlı Tarihi: Vol. I.Cilt (5.Baskı). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Vickers, M. (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. Hurst.
  • Volkan, V. (2009). Körü Körüne İnanç: Kriz ve Terör Dönemlerinde Geniş Gruplar ve Liderleri. Okuyan Us Yayınları.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics, Regional Studies
Journal Section Orjinal Makale
Authors

İbrahim Fevzi Güven 0000-0001-8616-947X

Early Pub Date October 23, 2024
Publication Date November 30, 2024
Submission Date January 23, 2024
Acceptance Date July 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Güven, İ. F. (2024). Sites of the Memory of the Serbian Nation in Kosovo and the Place of Kosovo in the Collective Memory of the Serbs. İçtimaiyat, 8(2), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1424540
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