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Pan-Babylonism, Are the Origins of Monotheistic Religions Babylonian Mythology

Year 2024, , 791 - 810, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1436554

Abstract

Towards the end of the 19th century a number of important cuneiform texts were unearthed, such as the Sumero-Babylonian flood myth, the Amarna letters and, above all, the Code of Hammurabi. Some scholars were so impressed by these discoveries that they argued that the entire religious heritage and traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam originated in Sumer-Babylonia. Some even went further and claimed that the origin of all world mythology and religions was the Babylonian astral religion. This theory of the origin of religions is called Pan-Babylonianism. There are indeed interesting parallels between the cuneiform literature and the Old Testament narratives. However, in order to support their claims, the Pan-Babylonists have also made connections between many unrelated things, and have reached conclusions that could not have been reached. Pan-Babylonianism was followed by a number of after-theories such as Pan-Ejimtism, Pan-Ugaritism, Pan-Eblaism and Pan-Hurrianism, but none of them was as influential as Pan-Babylonianism. This article examines the claims of Assyriologists and theologians who advocate these theories and the positions and arguments of scholars who oppose them.

References

  • Altuncu, A. (2011). Sümerlerin dini tarih. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitütüsü Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Elâzığ.
  • Atsız, H. (2000). Ateizmin psikolojik gerekçeleri ve teizmin cevapları. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Samsun.
  • Barton. G. A. (1908). The astro mythological school of biblical İnterpretation. The Biblical World, 31(6), 433-444. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3141833
  • Brock, H. (1909). Joseph Epping. In The Catholic encyclopedia. Retrieved July 15, 2023. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510a.htm
  • Budde, K. (1902. The Old Testament and The Excavations The American Journal Theology, 6(4), 685-708. Retrived from: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/478217
  • Delittzsch, F. (1921). Die Grosse Täuschung. Berlin, Germany: Deutsche Verlag.
  • Demirci, K. (2002). Dinler Tarihinin Meseleleri, İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Doğan, S. (2021). Ebla Tabletleri Eski Ahit’in tarihselliğini destekliyor mu? İçtimaiyyat, 6(1), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1027875
  • Driver, S. R. (1908). Modern research as Illustrating the bible. Oxford: The British Academy.
  • Dupuit, C. F. (1822). Origine de tous les cultes, ou Religion universelle, Volume 1. Paris, France: Biblioteque Nationale France Gallica.
  • El-Kayserî, D. (2013). Tasavvuf ilmine giriş. (Muhammet Bedirhan Çev.) İstanbul: Nefes Yayınları.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. Dupuis, Charles François. The Free Online Library, Retrived 2024, 5 June. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dupuis,_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois
  • Freud, S. (1939). Der Mann Moses un d die monotetheistische Religion. Amsterdam; Niederland: Verlag Allert de Lange.
  • Fridin, M. (2020). Kur'an-ı Kerim'de Nuh Tufanı ve Sümerler. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları.
  • Friedman, N. (1978). The Ebla tablets and the Abraham tradition. Religious Studies Center. 2021, 13 Ağustos. Erişim adresi: https://pdf.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/8973b39d6e323c07eee3b8e9a84960f1/3209440.pdf
  • Gertzen, T. L. (2019). Die Vorträge des Assyriologen Friedrich Delitsch über Babel und Bibel und die Reaktionen der Deutschen Juden. Zeitschrift für Religions und Geistes geschichte, 71(3), 238-259. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26710717
  • Gordon, C. (1989). Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament. Orient. 2021, 19 November. Retrived from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/25/0/25_0_134/_pdf/-char/en
  • Gunkel, H., Gunkel, H., & Hanson, K. (2009). Israel and babylon the ınfluence of babylon on the religion of ısrael (a Reply to Delitzsch). Berlin, Germany: Cascade Books.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2006). Sabiiler, son Gnostikler. İstanbul: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2018). İslam ve Sabiilik. İstanbul: Hikav yayınları.
  • Herzfeld, E. E. (1934). Archaelogical history of Iran. London, UK: British Academy.
  • İbn Ibrî, G. (1997). Târîhu muhtasari'd-düvel. (Halil Mansur. Yay haz.). Beyrut, Lübnan: Dârül-kütübi'l-Ilmiyye.
  • Jarus, O. (2022). Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2000 years. Live Science. 2023, 14 July, Retrived from: https://www.livescience.com/ancient-babylon-mesopotamia-civilization.
  • Jeremias, A. (1887). Babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode. Leipzig, Germany: Gorgias Press.
  • Jeremias, A. (1907). Die Panbabylonisten Der Alte Orient und die Aegyptische Religion. (2. bs.). Leipzig, Germany: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2022). Sümerler. (Buse Öz, Çev.). İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Kugler, F. H. (1909). Auf den Trümmern des Panbabylonismus. Anthropos, 4(2), 477-499. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40442413
  • Kugler, F. H. (1910). Im Bannktreis Babels panbabylonistsche Konstruktionen und religionsgeschichtliche Tatsachen. Münster: Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlun.
  • Kugler, F. H. (1907). Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. (Cilt 1). Münster: Aschendorffscge Verlagbuchhandlungs.
  • Mark, J. J. (2022). Babylon. World History Encyclopedia. 2023, 12 July. Retrived from: https://www.worldhistory.org/babylon/
  • Özaydın, A. (2000). İbnü’l-Ibrî, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 2024, 5 Haziran. Erişim adresi: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-ibri
  • Pettinato, G. (1976). The royal archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla. The Biblical Archaelogicist, 39(2), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209352
  • Richardson, G. H. (1916). The abuse of biblical archeology. The Biblical World, 47(2), 94-99. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142227
  • Schimidt, N. (1911). The new Jesus myth and its ethical value. International Journal of Ethics, 22(1), 19-39. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376553
  • Streck, B. (2003). Babel-Bibel oder die wiederkehrende theomachie. Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde. Frobenius Institute, Cilt 49, 61-86. 203, 21 November. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4031551
  • Suburb, R. (1983). The influence of the two Delitzsches on Biblical and Near Eastern Studies. Concordia Theological Quarterly, 47(3), 225-241. Retrived from: https://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/surburgtwodelitzsches.pdf
  • Swarat, U. (2023). Der Babel-Bibel Streit (1902-1905). 2023, 02 Ağustos. Retrived from: https://www.th-elstal.de/fileadmin/the/media/dokumente/Uwe_Swarat-_Der_Babel-Bibel-Streit_-1902-1905-_ThGespr_40-_2016-_5-27.pdf
  • Thompson, G. (2010). The development, heyday and demise of Panbabylonism. Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies: 2023, 12 August. Retrived from http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page1.html
  • Toy, Crawford H. (1910). Panbabylonianism, The Harvard Theological Review, 3(1), 47-84. 2024, 28 Temmuz. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507091
  • Vries, J. (1967), The Study of Religion A Historical Approach, (Kees W. Bolle Çev.). New York, USA: The Macmillan Company.
  • Waardenburg, J. (2017). Classical approaches to the study of religion, (2. bs). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
  • Wincler, H. (1903). Himmels und Weltbild der Babylonier (2. Bs.). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichesche Buchhandlung. Wincler, H. (1907). Die babylonische Geisteskultur. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Yonar, G. (2020). Yaratılış mitolojileri (4. bs.). İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları

Pan-Babilonizm, Tek tanrılı Dinlerin Kökeni Babil Mitolojisi mi?

Year 2024, , 791 - 810, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1436554

Abstract

19. yüzyılın sonuna doğru Sümer-Babil tufan efsanesi, Amarna mektupları ve hepsinden önemlisi Hammurabi kanunları gibi bir dizi önemli çivi yazısı ile yazılmış metinler gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Bazı bilim adamları bu keşiflerden o kadar olarak etkilendiler ki, Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’in tüm dini mirasını ve geleneklerini Sümer-Babil kaynaklı olduğunu ileri sürdüler. Yine bazıları bunula da kalmayıp tüm dünya mitoloji ve dinlerinin kökeninin Babil astral dini olduğu iddia etti. Dinlerin kökenine ait geliştirilen bu teoriye Pan-Babilonizm denmektedir. Gerçekten de çivi yazılı literatürle Eski Ahit anlatıları arasında ilginç paralellikler bulunmaktadır. Ancak buradan hareketle Pan-Babilonist iddiaları desteklemek için ilgisiz birçok şey arasında da ilgi kurmuşlar, varılmayacak sonuçlara varmışladır. Pan-Babilizmin peşinden de Pan-Ejiptizm, Pan Ugaritizm, Pan Eblaizm ve Pan Hurrizm gibi bir takım artçı teoriler ortaya atılmış ancak hiçbiri Pan-Babilonizm kadar etkili olmamıştır. Bu makale söz konusu teorileri savunan Asurolog ve Teologların iddialarını ve onlara karşı çıkan araştırmacıların sergiledikleri tutumları ve temel argümanlarını ele almaktadır

Thanks

Teşekkür ediyorum

References

  • Altuncu, A. (2011). Sümerlerin dini tarih. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitütüsü Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Elâzığ.
  • Atsız, H. (2000). Ateizmin psikolojik gerekçeleri ve teizmin cevapları. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Samsun.
  • Barton. G. A. (1908). The astro mythological school of biblical İnterpretation. The Biblical World, 31(6), 433-444. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3141833
  • Brock, H. (1909). Joseph Epping. In The Catholic encyclopedia. Retrieved July 15, 2023. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510a.htm
  • Budde, K. (1902. The Old Testament and The Excavations The American Journal Theology, 6(4), 685-708. Retrived from: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/478217
  • Delittzsch, F. (1921). Die Grosse Täuschung. Berlin, Germany: Deutsche Verlag.
  • Demirci, K. (2002). Dinler Tarihinin Meseleleri, İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Doğan, S. (2021). Ebla Tabletleri Eski Ahit’in tarihselliğini destekliyor mu? İçtimaiyyat, 6(1), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1027875
  • Driver, S. R. (1908). Modern research as Illustrating the bible. Oxford: The British Academy.
  • Dupuit, C. F. (1822). Origine de tous les cultes, ou Religion universelle, Volume 1. Paris, France: Biblioteque Nationale France Gallica.
  • El-Kayserî, D. (2013). Tasavvuf ilmine giriş. (Muhammet Bedirhan Çev.) İstanbul: Nefes Yayınları.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. Dupuis, Charles François. The Free Online Library, Retrived 2024, 5 June. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dupuis,_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois
  • Freud, S. (1939). Der Mann Moses un d die monotetheistische Religion. Amsterdam; Niederland: Verlag Allert de Lange.
  • Fridin, M. (2020). Kur'an-ı Kerim'de Nuh Tufanı ve Sümerler. İstanbul: Cinius Yayınları.
  • Friedman, N. (1978). The Ebla tablets and the Abraham tradition. Religious Studies Center. 2021, 13 Ağustos. Erişim adresi: https://pdf.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/8973b39d6e323c07eee3b8e9a84960f1/3209440.pdf
  • Gertzen, T. L. (2019). Die Vorträge des Assyriologen Friedrich Delitsch über Babel und Bibel und die Reaktionen der Deutschen Juden. Zeitschrift für Religions und Geistes geschichte, 71(3), 238-259. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26710717
  • Gordon, C. (1989). Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament. Orient. 2021, 19 November. Retrived from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/25/0/25_0_134/_pdf/-char/en
  • Gunkel, H., Gunkel, H., & Hanson, K. (2009). Israel and babylon the ınfluence of babylon on the religion of ısrael (a Reply to Delitzsch). Berlin, Germany: Cascade Books.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2006). Sabiiler, son Gnostikler. İstanbul: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (2018). İslam ve Sabiilik. İstanbul: Hikav yayınları.
  • Herzfeld, E. E. (1934). Archaelogical history of Iran. London, UK: British Academy.
  • İbn Ibrî, G. (1997). Târîhu muhtasari'd-düvel. (Halil Mansur. Yay haz.). Beyrut, Lübnan: Dârül-kütübi'l-Ilmiyye.
  • Jarus, O. (2022). Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2000 years. Live Science. 2023, 14 July, Retrived from: https://www.livescience.com/ancient-babylon-mesopotamia-civilization.
  • Jeremias, A. (1887). Babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode. Leipzig, Germany: Gorgias Press.
  • Jeremias, A. (1907). Die Panbabylonisten Der Alte Orient und die Aegyptische Religion. (2. bs.). Leipzig, Germany: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2022). Sümerler. (Buse Öz, Çev.). İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Kugler, F. H. (1909). Auf den Trümmern des Panbabylonismus. Anthropos, 4(2), 477-499. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40442413
  • Kugler, F. H. (1910). Im Bannktreis Babels panbabylonistsche Konstruktionen und religionsgeschichtliche Tatsachen. Münster: Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlun.
  • Kugler, F. H. (1907). Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. (Cilt 1). Münster: Aschendorffscge Verlagbuchhandlungs.
  • Mark, J. J. (2022). Babylon. World History Encyclopedia. 2023, 12 July. Retrived from: https://www.worldhistory.org/babylon/
  • Özaydın, A. (2000). İbnü’l-Ibrî, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 2024, 5 Haziran. Erişim adresi: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-ibri
  • Pettinato, G. (1976). The royal archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla. The Biblical Archaelogicist, 39(2), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209352
  • Richardson, G. H. (1916). The abuse of biblical archeology. The Biblical World, 47(2), 94-99. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142227
  • Schimidt, N. (1911). The new Jesus myth and its ethical value. International Journal of Ethics, 22(1), 19-39. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376553
  • Streck, B. (2003). Babel-Bibel oder die wiederkehrende theomachie. Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde. Frobenius Institute, Cilt 49, 61-86. 203, 21 November. Retrived from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4031551
  • Suburb, R. (1983). The influence of the two Delitzsches on Biblical and Near Eastern Studies. Concordia Theological Quarterly, 47(3), 225-241. Retrived from: https://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/surburgtwodelitzsches.pdf
  • Swarat, U. (2023). Der Babel-Bibel Streit (1902-1905). 2023, 02 Ağustos. Retrived from: https://www.th-elstal.de/fileadmin/the/media/dokumente/Uwe_Swarat-_Der_Babel-Bibel-Streit_-1902-1905-_ThGespr_40-_2016-_5-27.pdf
  • Thompson, G. (2010). The development, heyday and demise of Panbabylonism. Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies: 2023, 12 August. Retrived from http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page1.html
  • Toy, Crawford H. (1910). Panbabylonianism, The Harvard Theological Review, 3(1), 47-84. 2024, 28 Temmuz. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507091
  • Vries, J. (1967), The Study of Religion A Historical Approach, (Kees W. Bolle Çev.). New York, USA: The Macmillan Company.
  • Waardenburg, J. (2017). Classical approaches to the study of religion, (2. bs). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
  • Wincler, H. (1903). Himmels und Weltbild der Babylonier (2. Bs.). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichesche Buchhandlung. Wincler, H. (1907). Die babylonische Geisteskultur. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Yonar, G. (2020). Yaratılış mitolojileri (4. bs.). İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Orjinal Makale
Authors

Servet Doğan 0000-0001-8835-6041

Publication Date November 30, 2024
Submission Date February 13, 2024
Acceptance Date June 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Doğan, S. (2024). Pan-Babilonizm, Tek tanrılı Dinlerin Kökeni Babil Mitolojisi mi?. İçtimaiyat, 8(2), 791-810. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1436554
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